Education Amendments of 1972

The Education Amendments of 1972, also sometimes known as the Higher Education Amendments of 1972 (Public No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235), were amendments to the Higher Education Act of 1965 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that were signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972.^[1] It is best known for its Title IX, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in educational institutions receiving federal aid. It also modified government programs providing financial aid to students by directing money directly to students without the participation of intermediary financial institutions. Part D of Title III of the law enacted the Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants.

Education Amendments of 1972

Long title	An Act to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965, the Vocational Education Act of 1963, the General Education Provisions Act (creating a National Foundation for Postsecondary Education and a National Institute of Education), the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, Public Law 874, Eighty-first Congress, and related Acts, and for other purposes.
Nicknames	Title IX
Enacted by	the 92nd United States Congress
Effective	June 23, 1972
Citations
Public law	92-318
Statutes at Large	86 Stat. 235
Codification
Acts amended	Higher Education Act of 1965 Vocational Education Act of 1963 General Education Provisions Act Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
Titles amended	20 U.S.C.: Education
U.S.C. sections created	20 U.S.C. ch. 38 § 1681 et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 659 by Birch Bayh (D–IN) on February 28, 1972 Committee consideration by House Subcommittee on Higher Education Passed the Senate on March 1, 1972 (88-6) Passed the House on May 11, 1972 (275-125) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 24, 1972; agreed to by the Senate on May 24, 1972 (63-15) and by the House on June 8, 1972 (218-180) Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972
Major amendments
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
United States Supreme Court cases
Grove City College v. Bell (1984)

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 did not originally cover executives, administrators, outside salespeople, or professionals;^[2] the Education Amendments of 1972 amended the Fair Labor Standards Act to expand the coverage of the Equal Pay Act to these employees, by excluding the Equal Pay Act from the professional worker's exemption of the Fair Labor Standards Act.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

• James J. F. Forest (2002). Higher Education in the United States: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 807. ISBN 978-1-57607-248-6. Retrieved May 20, 2013.