Etheostoma

Etheostoma is a genus of small freshwater fish in the family Percidae, and within the sub-family Etheostomatinae, native to North America. Most are restricted to the United States, but species are also found in Canada and Mexico.^[3] They are commonly known as darters, although the term "darter" is shared by several other genera. Many can produce alarm pheromones that serve to warn nearby fish in case of an attack.^[4]

Etheostoma
Etheostoma caeruleum
Etheostoma swaini
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Percidae
Subfamily:	Etheostomatinae
Genus:	Etheostoma Rafinesque, 1819
Type species
Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque, 1819[1]
Synonyms[2]
List Allohistium R.M. Bailey, 1955 Arlina Girard, 1859 Astatichthys Vaillant, 1873 Austroperca C.L. Hubbs, 1936 Belophlox Fowler, 1947 Boleosoma DeKay, 1842 Catonotus Agassiz, 1854 Claricola D.S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Copelandellus D.S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Diplesion Rafinesque, 1820 Doration D.S. Jordan, 1929 Estrella Girard, 1859 Fuscatelum Page, 1981 Hololepis Putnam, 1863 Hyostoma Agassiz, 1854 Ioa D.S. Jordan & Brayton, 1878 Litocara R.M. Bailey, 1948 Microperca Putnam, 1863 Mooreichthys R.R. Stephens, K.A. Johnson & M.P. Grady, 2014 Nanostoma Putnam, 1877 Nivicola D.S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Niviperca Whitley, 1951 Nothonotus Putnam, 1863 Oligocephalus Girard, 1859 Ozarka J.D. Williams & Robison, 1981 Poecilichthys Agassiz, 1854 Poecilosoma Agassiz, 1850 Psychromaster D.S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Rafinesquiellus D.S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Rhothoeca D.S. Jordan, 1885 Richia Coker, 1926 Richiella Coker, 1927 Torrentaria D.S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Ulocentra D.S. Jordan, 1878 Vaillantia D.S. Jordan, 1878 Villora Hubbs & Cannon, 1935

Species

The 157 recognized species in this genus are:

• Etheostoma acuticeps R. M. Bailey, 1959 (sharphead darter)
• Etheostoma akatulo Layman & Mayden, 2009 (bluemask darter)

• 

  E. artesiae

  Etheostoma artesiae (O. P. Hay, 1881) (redspot darter)
• Etheostoma asprigene (S. A. Forbes, 1878) (mud darter)
• Etheostoma atripinne (D. S. Jordan, 1877) (Cumberland snubnose darter)
• Etheostoma australe D. S. Jordan, 1889 (Conchos darter)
• Etheostoma autumnale Mayden, 2010 (autumn darter)
• Etheostoma baileyi Page & Burr, 1982 (emerald darter)
• Etheostoma barbouri Kuehne & J. W. Small, 1971 (teardrop darter)
• Etheostoma barrenense Burr & Page, 1982 (splendid darter)
• Etheostoma basilare Page, Hardman & Near, 2003 (corrugated darter)
• Etheostoma bellator Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1993 (warrior darter)

• 

  E. bellum

  Etheostoma bellum Zorach, 1968 (orangefin darter)

• 

  E. bison

  Etheostoma bison Ceas & Page, 1997 (buffalo darter)

• 

  E. blennioides

  Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque, 1819 (greenside darter)
• Etheostoma blennius C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (blenny darter)
• Etheostoma boschungi Wall & J. D. Williams, 1974 (slackwater darter)
• Etheostoma brevirostrum Suttkus & Etnier, 1991 (holiday darter)
• Etheostoma brevispinum (Coker, 1926) (Carolina fantail darter)
• Etheostoma burri Ceas & Page, 1997 (brook darter)
• Etheostoma caeruleum D. H. Storer, 1845 (rainbow darter)

• 

  E. camurum

  Etheostoma camurum (Cope, 1870) (bluebreast darter)
• Etheostoma cervus Powers & Mayden, 2003 (Chickasaw darter)
• Etheostoma chermocki Boschung, Mayden & Tomelleri, 1992 (vermilion darter)
• Etheostoma chienense Page & Ceas, 1992 (relict darter)

• 

  E. chlorobranchium

  Etheostoma chlorobranchium Zorach, 1972 (greenfin darter)
• Etheostoma chlorosomum (O. P. Hay, 1881) (bluntnose darter)
• Etheostoma chuckwachatte Mayden & R. M. Wood, 1993 (lipstick darter)
• Etheostoma cinereum D. H. Storer, 1845 (ashy darter)
• Etheostoma clinton Mayden & Layman, 2012 (beaded darter)
• Etheostoma collettei Birdsong & L. W. Knapp, 1969 (creole darter)
• Etheostoma collis (C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (Carolina darter)
• Etheostoma colorosum Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1993 (coastal darter)
• Etheostoma coosae (Fowler, 1945) (Coosa darter)
• Etheostoma corona Page & Ceas, 1992 (crown darter)

• 

  E. cragini

  Etheostoma cragini C. H. Gilbert, 1885 (Arkansas darter)
• Etheostoma crossopterum Braasch & Mayden, 1985 (fringed darter)
• Etheostoma davisoni O. P. Hay, 1885 (Choctawhatchee darter)
• Etheostoma denoncourti Stauffer & van Snik, 1997 (golden darter)
• Etheostoma derivativum Page, Hardman & Near, 2003 (stone darter)
• Etheostoma ditrema Ramsey & Suttkus, 1965 (coldwater darter)
• Etheostoma douglasi R. M. Wood & Mayden, 1993 (Tuskaloosa darter)
• Etheostoma duryi Henshall, 1889 (black darter)
• Etheostoma edwini (C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (brown darter)
• Etheostoma erythrozonum Switzer & R. M. Wood, 2009 (Meramec saddled darter)
• Etheostoma etnieri Bouchard, 1977 (cherry darter)
• Etheostoma etowahae R. M. Wood & Mayden, 1993 (Etowah darter)
• Etheostoma euzonum (C. L. Hubbs & J. D. Black, 1940) (Arkansas saddled darter)

• 

  E. exile

  Etheostoma exile (Girard, 1859) (Iowa darter)

• 

  E. faulkneri

  Etheostoma faulkneri Sterling & Warren, 2020 (Yoknapatawpha darter)
• Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque, 1819 (fantail darter)
• Etheostoma flavum Etnier & R. M. Bailey, 1989 (saffron darter)
• Etheostoma fonticola (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1886) (fountain darter)
• Etheostoma forbesi Page & Ceas, 1992 (barrens darter)
• Etheostoma fragi Distler, 1968 (strawberry darter)
• Etheostoma fricksium Hildebrand, 1923 (savannah darter)
• Etheostoma fusiforme (Girard, 1854) (swamp darter)
• Etheostoma gore Mayden & Layman, 2012 (Cumberland darter)

• 

  E. flabellare

  

  E. flavum

  

  E. gracile

  Etheostoma gracile (Girard, 1859) (slough darter)
• Etheostoma grahami (Girard, 1859) (Rio Grande darter)
• Etheostoma gutselli (Hildebrand, 1932) (Tuckasegee darter)
• Etheostoma histrio D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1887 (harlequin darter)
• Etheostoma hopkinsi (Fowler, 1945) (Christmas darter)
• Etheostoma inscriptum (D. S. Jordan & Brayton, 1878) (turquoise darter)
• Etheostoma jessiae (D. S. Jordan & Brayton, 1878) (blueside darter)
• Etheostoma jimmycarter Mayden & Layman, 2012 (bluegrass darter)
• Etheostoma jordani C. H. Gilbert, 1891 (greenbreast darter)
• Etheostoma juliae Meek, 1891 (yoke darter)
• Etheostoma kanawhae (Raney, 1941) (Kanawha darter)
• Etheostoma kantuckeense Ceas & Page, 1997 (Highland Rim darter)
• Etheostoma kennicotti (Putnam, 1863) (stripetail darter)
• Etheostoma lachneri Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1994 (Tombigbee darter)
• Etheostoma lawrencei Ceas & Burr, 2002 (headwater darter)
• Etheostoma lemniscatum Blanton, 2008 (tuxedo darter)

• 

  E. jimmycarteri

  

  E. lepidum

  Etheostoma lepidum (S. F. Baird & Girard, 1853) (greenthroat darter)
• Etheostoma longimanum D. S. Jordan, 1888 (longfin darter)
• Etheostoma lugoi S. M. Norris & W. L. Minckley, 1997 (tufa darter)
• Etheostoma luteovinctum C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (redband darter)
• Etheostoma lynceum O. P. Hay, 1885 (brighteye darter)
• Etheostoma maculatum Kirtland, 1840 (spotted darter)
• Etheostoma mariae (Fowler, 1947) (pinewoods darter)
• Etheostoma marmorpinnum Blanton & R. E. Jenkins, 2008 (marbled darter)
• Etheostoma maydeni Powers & Kuhajda, 2012 (redlips darter)
• Etheostoma microperca D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1888 (least darter)
• Etheostoma mihileze Mayden, 2010 (sunburst darter)
• Etheostoma moorei Raney & Suttkus, 1964 (yellowcheek darter)
• Etheostoma nebra Near & M. R. Thomas, 2015 (buck darter) ^[5]
• Etheostoma neopterum W. M. Howell & Dingerkus, 1978 (lollipop darter)
• Etheostoma nianguae C. H. Gilbert & Meek, 1887 (Niangua darter)
• Etheostoma nigripinne Braasch & Mayden, 1985 (blackfin darter)
• Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque, 1820 (johnny darter)
• Etheostoma nuchale W. M. Howell & R. D. Caldwell, 1965 (watercress darter)
• Etheostoma obama Mayden & Layman, 2012 (spangled darter)
• Etheostoma obeyense Kirsch, 1892 (barcheek darter)
• Etheostoma occidentale Powers & Mayden, 2007 (West Rim darter)
• Etheostoma okaloosae (Fowler, 1941) (Okaloosa darter)
• Etheostoma olivaceum Braasch & Page, 1979 (sooty darter)
• Etheostoma olmstedi D. H. Storer, 1842 (tessellated darter)
• Etheostoma oophylax Ceas & Page, 1992 (guardian darter)
• Etheostoma orientale Powers & Mayden, 2007 (East Rim darter)

• 

  E. osburni

  Etheostoma osburni (C. L. Hubbs & Trautman, 1932) (candy darter)
• Etheostoma pallididorsum Distler & Metcalf, 1962 (paleback darter)
• Etheostoma parvipinne C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (goldstripe darter)
• Etheostoma percnurum R. E. Jenkins, 1994 (duskytail darter)
• Etheostoma perlongum C. L. Hubbs & Raney, 1946) (Waccamaw darter)
• Etheostoma phytophilum Bart & M. S. Taylor, 1999 (rush darter)
• Etheostoma planasaxatile Powers & Mayden, 2007 (duck darter)
• Etheostoma podostemone D. S. Jordan & O. P. Jenkins, 1889 (riverweed darter)
• Etheostoma pottsii (Girard, 1859) (Chihuahua darter)
• Etheostoma proeliare (O. P. Hay, 1881) (cypress darter)
• Etheostoma pseudovulatum Page & Ceas, 1992 (egg-mimic darter)
• Etheostoma punctulatum (Agassiz, 1854) (stippled darter)
• Etheostoma pyrrhogaster R. M. Bailey & Etnier, 1988 (firebelly darter)
• Etheostoma radiosum (C. L. Hubbs & J. D. Black, 1941) (orangebelly darter)
• Etheostoma rafinesquei Burr & Page, 1982 (Kentucky darter)
• Etheostoma ramseyi Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1994 (Alabama darter)

• 

  E. raneyi

  Etheostoma raneyi Suttkus & Bart, 1994 (Yazoo darter)
• Etheostoma rubrum Raney & Suttkus, 1966 (bayou darter)

• 

  E. rufilineatum

  Etheostoma rufilineatum (Cope, 1870) (redline darter)
• Etheostoma rupestre C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (rock darter)
• Etheostoma sagitta (D. S. Jordan & Swain, 1883) (arrow darter)
• Etheostoma saludae (C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (saluda darter)

• 

  E. scotti

  Etheostoma scotti Bauer, Etnier & Burkhead, 1995 (Cherokee darter)
• Etheostoma segrex S. M. Norris & W. L. Minckley, 1997 (Río Salado darter)
• Etheostoma sellare (Radcliffe & W. W. Welsh, 1913) (Maryland darter)
• Etheostoma sequatchiense Burr, 1979 (Sequatchie darter)
• Etheostoma serrifer (C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (sawcheek darter)
• Etheostoma simoterum (Cope, 1868) (snubnose darter)
• Etheostoma sitikuense Blanton, 2008 (Citico darter)
• Etheostoma smithi Page & Braasch, 1976 (slabrock darter)

• 

  E. spectabile pulchellum

  Etheostoma spectabile (Agassiz, 1854) (orangethroat darter)

• 

  E. spilotum

  Etheostoma spilotum C. H. Gilbert, 1887 (Kentucky arrow darter, Cumberland Plateau darter)
• Etheostoma squamiceps D. S. Jordan, 1877 (spottail darter)
• Etheostoma stigmaeum (D. S. Jordan, 1877) (speckled darter)
• Etheostoma striatulum Page & Braasch, 1977 (striated darter)
• Etheostoma susanae (D. S. Jordan & Swain, 1883) (Cumberland darter)
• Etheostoma swaini (D. S. Jordan, 1884) (Gulf darter)
• Etheostoma swannanoa D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1889 (Swannanoa darter)
• Etheostoma tallapoosae Suttkus & Etnier, 1991 (Tallapoosa darter)
• Etheostoma tecumsehi Ceas & Page, 1997 (Shawnee darter)
• Etheostoma teddyroosevelt Mayden & Layman, 2012 (highland darter)
• Etheostoma tennesseense Powers & Mayden, 2007 (Tennessee darter)
• Etheostoma tetrazonum (C. L. Hubbs & J. D. Black, 1940) (Missouri saddled darter)
• Etheostoma thalassinum (D. S. Jordan & Brayton, 1878) (seagreen darter)
• Etheostoma thompsoni Suttkus, Bart & Etnier, 2012 (gumbo darter)
• Etheostoma tippecanoe D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1890 (Tippecanoe darter)
• Etheostoma trisella R. M. Bailey & W. J. Richards, 1963 (trispot darter)
• Etheostoma tuscumbia C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (Tuscumbia darter)

  

  E. wapiti

• Etheostoma uniporum Distler, 1968 (current darter)
• Etheostoma variatum Kirtland, 1838 (variegated darter)

  

  E. zonale

• Etheostoma virgatum (D. S. Jordan, 1880) (striped darter)
• Etheostoma vitreum (Cope, 1870) (glassy darter)
• Etheostoma vulneratum (Cope, 1870) (wounded darter)
• Etheostoma wapiti Etnier & J. D. Williams, 1989 (boulder darter)
• Etheostoma whipplei (Girard, 1859) (redfin darter)

• Etheostoma xanthovum Julia E. Wood, Richard C. Harrington, Zachariah D. Alley, Matthew R. Thomas, Jeffrey W. Simmons and Thomas J. Near. 2023^[6]

• Etheostoma zonale (Cope, 1868) (banded darter)
• Etheostoma zonifer C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (backwater darter)
• Etheostoma zonistium R. M. Bailey & Etnier, 1988 (bandfin darter)