Euler numbers
Integers occurring in the coefficients of the Taylor series of 1/cosh t From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In mathematics, the Euler numbers are a sequence En of integers (sequence A122045 in the OEIS) defined by the Taylor series expansion
- ,
where is the hyperbolic cosine function. The Euler numbers are related to a special value of the Euler polynomials, namely:
The Euler numbers appear in the Taylor series expansions of the secant and hyperbolic secant functions. The latter is the function in the definition. They also occur in combinatorics, specifically when counting the number of alternating permutations of a set with an even number of elements.
Examples
The odd-indexed Euler numbers are all zero. The even-indexed ones (sequence A028296 in the OEIS) have alternating signs. Some values are:
E0 = 1 E2 = −1 E4 = 5 E6 = −61 E8 = 1385 E10 = −50521 E12 = 2702765 E14 = −199360981 E16 = 19391512145 E18 = −2404879675441
Some authors re-index the sequence in order to omit the odd-numbered Euler numbers with value zero, or change all signs to positive (sequence A000364 in the OEIS). This article adheres to the convention adopted above.
Explicit formulas
Summarize
Perspective
In terms of Stirling numbers of the second kind
The following two formulas express the Euler numbers in terms of Stirling numbers of the second kind:[1][2]
where denotes the Stirling numbers of the second kind, and denotes the rising factorial.
As a recursion
The Euler numbers can be defined as an recursion:
or alternatively:
Both of these recursions can be found by using the fact that.
As a double sum
The following two formulas express the Euler numbers as double sums[3]
As an iterated sum
An explicit formula for Euler numbers is:[4]
where i denotes the imaginary unit with i2 = −1.
As a sum over partitions
The Euler number E2n can be expressed as a sum over the even partitions of 2n,[5]
as well as a sum over the odd partitions of 2n − 1,[6]
where in both cases K = k1 + ··· + kn and
is a multinomial coefficient. The Kronecker deltas in the above formulas restrict the sums over the ks to 2k1 + 4k2 + ··· + 2nkn = 2n and to k1 + 3k2 + ··· + (2n − 1)kn = 2n − 1, respectively.
As an example,
As a determinant
E2n is given by the determinant
As an integral
E2n is also given by the following integrals:
Congruences
W. Zhang[7] obtained the following combinational identities concerning the Euler numbers. For any prime , we have
W. Zhang and Z. Xu[8] proved that, for any prime and integer , we have
where is the Euler's totient function.
Lower bound
The Euler numbers grow quite rapidly for large indices, as they have the lower bound
Euler zigzag numbers
Summarize
Perspective
The Taylor series of is
where An is the Euler zigzag numbers, beginning with
- 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 16, 61, 272, 1385, 7936, 50521, 353792, 2702765, 22368256, 199360981, 1903757312, 19391512145, 209865342976, 2404879675441, 29088885112832, ... (sequence A000111 in the OEIS)
For all even n,
where En is the Euler number, and for all odd n,
where Bn is the Bernoulli number.
For every n,
See also
References
External links
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