Evergreen Formation

The Evergreen Formation is a Pliensbachian to Toarcian geologic formation of the Surat Basin in New South Wales and Queensland, eastern Australia. Traditionally it has been considered to be a unit whose age has been calculated in between the Pliensbachian and Toarcian stages of the Early Jurassic, with some layers suggested to reach the Aalenian stage of the Middle Jurassic, yet modern data has found that an Early Pliensbachian to Latest Toarcian age is more possible.^[4][5][6] The formation was named due to the "Evergreen Shales", defined with a lower unit, the Boxvale Sandstone, and a partially coeval, partially younger upper unit, the Westgrove Ironstone Member.^[7] This unit overlies the Hettangian-Sinemurian Precipice Sandstone, as well several informal units such as the Nogo Beds, and Narayen beds, as well Torsdale Volcanics.^[7] This unit likely was deposited in a massive lacustrine body with possible marine environment influences.^[8]

Evergreen Formation
Stratigraphic range: Lower Pliensbachian- Late Toarcian ~186.74–175.94 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N [1]
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Bundamba Group
Sub-units	Boxvale Sandstone & Westgrove Ironstone Members
Underlies	Hutton Sandstone
Overlies	Precipice Sandstone
Thickness	Up to 255 m (837 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone
Other	Coal, ironstone
Location
Coordinates	25.8°S 150.3°E / -25.8; 150.3
Approximate paleocoordinates	61.7°S 90.0°E / -61.7; 90.0
Region	New South Wales, Queensland
Country	Australia
Extent	Eromanga Basin[2] Surat Basin
Type section
Named for	"Evergreen Shales"
Named by	Hogetoorn[3]
Evergreen Formation (Australia)

Fossil content

Indeterminate Unionoid bivalves are know from the Kolane Station.^[9]

Ichnofossils

Genus	Species	Type	Location	Material	Origin	Images
Asterosoma[10]	A. isp.	Fodinichnia	Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Moonie 34 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Radiating bulb-like swelling burrows	Annelid worm, vermiform organism
Conichnus[10]	C. isp.	Domichnia Cubichnia		trails	Gastropods
Cylindrichnus[10]	C. isp.	Domichnia		Long, subconical, weakly curved burrows	Anemones Polychaete worms
Diplocraterion[10]	D. parallelum	Domichnia		U-shaped burrows	Polychaeta annelids (Axiothella, Abarenicola and Scolecolepis) Sipunculans (Sipunculus) Enteropneustans (Balanoglossus) Echiurans (Urechis).	Diplocraterion parallelum diagram
Helminthopsis[10]	H. isp.	Fodinichnia		Simple, unbranched, horizontal cylinder traces	Polychaetes Priapulids	Example of Helminthopsis fossil
Lockeia[10]	L. amygdaloides L. isp.	Cubichnia Domichnia		Dwelling traces	Bivalves
Naktodemasis[10]	N. isp.	Fodinichnia		Straight to sinuous, unlined and unbranched burrows	Soil bugs Cicada nymphs Scarabaeid beetle larvae
Palaeophycus[10]	P. tubularis	Domichnia		Straight or gently curved tubular burrows.	Polychaetes Semiaquatic Insects (Orthoptera and Hemiptera) Semiaquatic and non-aquatic Beetles.	Example of Palaeophycus fossil
Phycosiphon[10]	P. isp.	Fodinichnia		Irregularly meandering burrows	Vermiform Animals
Planolites[10]	P. montanus P. beverleyensis P. isp.	Pascichnia		Cylindrical or elliptical curved/tortuous trace fossils	Polychaetes Insects	Example of Planolites fossil
Scolicia[10]	S. isp.	Cubichnia		Symmetrical trail or burrow	Gastropods	Scolicia trails
Skolithos[10]	S. isp.	Domichnia		Cylindrical strands with branches	Polychaetes Phoronidans
Siphonichnus[10]	S. ophthalmoides	Domichnia		Cylindrical strands with branches	Polychaetes Phoronidans
Taenidium[10]	T. serpentinum T. isp.	Fodinichnia		Unlined meniscate burrows	Deposit-feeding Sipuncula Polychaetes Phoronidans
Thalassinoides[10]	T. isp.	Tubular Fodinichnia		Tubular Burrows	Thalassinidea Several Crustaceans (Anomura, Decapoda) Annelids (Polychaeta Sipuncula Dipnoi	Thalassinoides burrowing structures, with modern related fauna, showing the ecological convergence and the variety of animals that left this Ichnogenus.
Teichichnus[10]	T. isp.	Fodinichnia		Vertical to oblique, unbranched or branched, elongated to arcuate spreite burrow	Polychaetes Dwelling Echiurans Dwelling Holothurians.	Teichichnus burrows

Diplopoda

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Decorotergum[11]	D. warrenae	Kolane Station, 58 km ENE of Taroom	Westgrove Ironstone Member	Incomplete specimens: QMF12294, QMF12295 and one small fragment of a third specimen, QMF12296	A millipede whose affinities are controversial. It may be an Oniscomorpha of the order Amynilyspedida family Amynilyspedidae or a member of the order Polydesmida	Extant example of the order Amynilyspedida, Glomeris

Vertebrata

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Plesiosauria[12][13]	Indeterminate	Kolane Station, 58 km ENE of Taroom	Westgrove Ironstone Member	QM F10440, Limb, girdle and vertebral fragments from a single skeleton QM F10441, partial skeleton	A Freshwater Plesiosaur with affinities with Pliosauridae and Neoplesiosauria
Siderops[9]	S. kehli	Kolane Station, 58 km ENE of Taroom	Westgrove Ironstone Member	QM F7822, nearly complete skull with mandible and postcrania	A gigantic chigutisaurid temnospondyl, representing a relictual genus isolated in the Australian Ecoregion, as well one of the largest Mesozoic amphibians	Restoration of Siderops kehli

Phytoplankton

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Chomotriletes[14]	C. triangularis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Zygnemataceae. A genus derived from freshwater filamentous or unicellular, uniseriate (unbranched) green algae.

Bryophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anapiculatisporites[14]	A. dawsonensis A. pristidentatus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.
Cingutriletes[14]	C. clavus C. parvus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta.
Distalanulisporites[14]	D. punctus D. verrucosus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.
Foraminisporis[1]	F. spp.	Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae in the Anthocerotopsida.
Nevesisporites[1][15][14]	N. vallatus	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta. This spore is found in Jurassic sediments associated with the polar regions.
Polycingulatisporites[1][15][14]	P. crenulatus P. densatus P. mooniensis P. triangularis P. tortuosus	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae in the Anthocerotopsida. Hornwort spores.	Extant Notothylas specimens
Rogalskaisporites[14]	R. cicatricosus R. multicicatricosus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida.
Stereisporites[15][14]	S. antiquasporites S. radiatus	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Sphagnaceae in the Sphagnopsida. "Peat moss" spores, related to genera such as Sphagnum that can store large amounts of water.	Extant Sphagnum specimens
Staplinisporites[15][14]	S. caminus S. manifestus S. pocockii	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Encalyptaceae in the Bryopsida. Branching moss spores, indicating high water-depleting environments.	Extant Encalypta specimens; Staplinisporites probably come from similar genera

Lycophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Antulsporites[14]	A. granulatus A. saevus A. varigranulatus A. spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Apiculatisporis[14]	A. spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Lycopodiopsida
Cadargasporites[1][15][14]	C. baculatus C. granulatus C. reticulatus	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida. Herbaceous lycophyte flora, similar to ferns, found in humid settings. This family of spores are also the most diverse in the formation.	Extant Selaginella, typical example of Selaginellaceae
Camarozonosporites[15][14]	C. clivosus C. ramosus C. rudis C. spp.	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.
Dictyotosporites[16]	D. sandrana	GSQ DRD 22	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Lycopodiopsida.
Lycopodiumsporites[15][14]	L. austroclavatidites L. circolumenus L. rosewoodensis L. semimuris L. triangularis	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.	Extant Lycopodium specimens
Neoraistrickia[14]	N. elongata N. suratensis N. truncata N. spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Punctatosporites[15][14]	P. walkomii	Boxvale Area	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with Lycopodiopsida.
Retitriletes[14]	R. austroclavatidites R. huttonensis R. rosewoodensis R. semimurus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Lycopodiumsporites[14]	S. pseudoalveolatus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. Lycopod spores, related to herbaceous to arbustive flora common in humid environments.
Uvaesporites[14]	U. verrucosus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.

Pteridophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Annulispora[15][14]	A. altmarkensis A. badia A. densata A. folliculosa A. microannulata A. radiata A. triangularis A. spp.	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the genus Saccoloma, type representative of the family Saccolomataceae. This fern spore resembles those of the living genus Saccoloma, being probably from a pantropical genus found in wet, shaded forest areas.	Extant Saccoloma specimens; Annulispora probably comes from similar genera or maybe a species in the genus
Baculatisporites[15][14]	B. comaumensis	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.	Extant Osmunda specimens; Baculatisporites and Todisporites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus
Biretisporites[14]	B. modestus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Marattiaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.
Cingulatisporites[14]	C. caminus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Clavatisporites[14]	C. hammenii	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Cyathidites[14]	C. australis C. minor	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae in the Cyatheales. Arboreal fern spores.	Extant Cyathea
Dictyophyllidites[15][14]	D. mortoni	Boxvale area	Spores	Affinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.
Duplexisporites[14]	D. problematicus D. spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Foveosporites[14]	F. moretonensis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Gleicheniidites[15][14]	G. senonicus G. spp.	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Gleicheniales in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.	Extant Gleichenia specimens; Gleicheniidites probably come from similar genera or maybe a species in the genus
Granulatisporites[14]	G. spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the Pteridaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Forest ferns from humid ground locations.	Extant Pityrogramma specimens
Heliosporites[14]	H. spp	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Ischyosporites[15][14]	I. marburgensis I. surangulus	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Leiotriletes[15][14]	L. directus L. magnus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Leptolepidites[15][14]	L. major L. verrucatus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.	Extant Dennstaedtia specimens; Leptolepidites probably comes from similar genera
Matonisporites[15][14]	M. spp	Boxvale area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales.
Osmundacidites[14]	O. wellmanii	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.
Peroaletes[14]	P. rugosus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Perotrilites[14]	P. tenuis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Polypodiisporites[14]	P. ipsviciensis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.
Rugulatisporites[14]	R. ramosus R. spp.	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.

Peltaspermales

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Alisporites[15][14]	A. australis A. lowoodensis A. similis	Boxvale Area	Pollen	Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae in the Peltaspermales. Pollen of uncertain provenance that can be derived from any of the members of the Peltaspermales. The lack of distinctive characters and poor conservation make this pollen difficult to classify. Arboreal to arbustive seed ferns.
Kekryphalospora[1]	K. distincta	Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae in the Peltaspermales. Extremely abundant
Vitreisporites[15][14]	V. contectus V. pallidus	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	From the family Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales. Caytoniaceae are a complex group of Mesozoic fossil floras that may be related to both Peltaspermales and Ginkgoaceae.

Cycadophyta

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Cycadopites[14]	C. crassimarginis C. granulatus C. infirmus C. nitidus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cycadaceae in the Cycadales or with Cycadaceae and Bennettitaceae. It has been found associated with the Bennetite pollen cone Bennettistemon	Extant Cycas platyphylla

Conifers

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Araucariacites[10][14]	A. australis A. fissus	Chinchilla 4 Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.	Extant Araucaria. Callialasporites may come from a related plant
Callialasporites[10]	C. dampierii C. turbatus C. propinquivellersis[16]	Chinchilla 4 Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole GSQ DRD 24	Pollen	Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.
Classopollis[1][15][14]	C. classoides C. meyeriana C. simplex C. spp.	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida.
Inaperturopollenites[15][14]	I. turbatus I. spp.	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the Pinidae inside Coniferae.	Extant Pinus cembra Cone, example of the Pinidae. Inaperturopollenites is similar to the pollen found on this genus
Indusiisporites[15][14]	I. parvisaccatus	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae inside Coniferae.
Perinopollenites[1][15][14]	P. elatoides	Boxvale Area Chinchilla 4 Borehole Condabri MB9-H Borehole GSQ Mundubera Borehole Kenya East GW7 Borehole Moonie 31 Borehole Reedy Creek MB3-H Borehole Roma 8 Borehole Taroom 17 Borehole West Wandoan 1 Borehole Woleebee Creek GW4 Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cupressaceae in the Pinopsida. Pollen that resembles that of extant genera such as the genus Actinostrobus and Austrocedrus, probably derived from dry environments.	Extant Austrocedrus
Podocarpidites[14]	P. ellipticus	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae. Pollen from diverse types of Podocarpaceous conifers, that include morphotypes similar to the low arbustive Microcachrys and the medium arbustive Lepidothamnus, likely linked with Upland settings	Extant Microcachrys
Podosporites[15][14]	P. spp.	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.
Trisaccites[14]	T. variabilis	GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Podocarpaceae.
Zonalapollenites[15][14]	Z. dampieri Z. segmentatus Z. trilobatus	Boxvale Area GSQ Mundubera Borehole	Pollen	Affinities with the family Pinaceae in the Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.	Extant Picea.