Explorer S-56 (satellite)

Explorer S-56 was a NASA satellite launched on 4 December 1960, at 21:14 GMT as part of the Explorer program.^[1] The satellite was composed of a 3.66 m (12.0 ft) diameter inflatable sphere, and was intended to study the density of the upper atmosphere. The Scout X-1 rocket used to launch Explorer S-56 failed in flight, and the satellite never reached orbit.^[2]

Explorer S-56

The identical Explorer 9 satellite
Names	NASA S-56
Mission type	Air density research
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	EXS-56
Mission duration	Failed to orbit
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Explorer S-56
Spacecraft type	Air Density Explorer
Bus	S-56
Manufacturer	Langley Research Center
Launch mass	7 kg (15 lb)
Dimensions	3.66 m (12.0 ft) diameter
Power	solar cells and rechargeable batteries
Start of mission
Launch date	4 December 1960, 21:14 GMT
Rocket	Scout X-1 (ST-3)
Launch site	Wallops Flight Facility, LA-3
Contractor	Vought
End of mission
Destroyed	Failed to reach orbit
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit (planned)
Regime	Medium Earth orbit
Perigee altitude	545 km (339 mi)
Apogee altitude	2,225 km (1,383 mi)
Inclination	38.91°
Period	118.6 minutes
Explorer Program ← Explorer 8 Explorer 9 →

Spacecraft design

The spacecraft consisted of alternating layers of aluminium foil and Mylar polyester film. Uniformly distributed over the aluminium surface were 5.1 cm (2.0 in)-diameter dots of white paint for thermal control. The sphere was packed in a tube 21.6 cm (8.5 in) in diameter and 48.3 cm (19.0 in) long and mounted in the nose of the fourth stage of its Scout X-1 launch vehicle.^[2]

Upon separation of the fourth stage, the sphere will be inflated by a nitrogen gas bottle, and a separation spring will eject it out into its own orbit. The two hemispheres of aluminium foil will be separated with a gap of Mylar at the spacecraft's equator and will serve as the antenna. A 136 MHz, 15 mW beacon will be carried for tracking purposes, the beacon and the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network will be relied upon for tracking. Power will be supplied by solar cells and rechargeable batteries.

Launch

Explorer S-56 was launched, at 21:14 GMT on 4 December 1960, from Launch Area 3 at the Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), atop a Scout X-1 launch vehicle with the serial number ST-3. It was the first attempt to place a satellite in orbit using an all-solid propellant launch vehicle and the first orbital attempt made from NASA's Wallops Island facility. It was the first spacecraft launched from Wallops Island, but failed to reach orbit due to the second stage not igniting and impacting in the Atlantic Ocean, at 130 km (81 mi) at east of Wallops Island.^[3] It was replaced by the identical Explorer 9 (1961-004A) spacecraft.^[4]

The first of six identical air density research satellites to be launched.^[2]

See also

• Spaceflight portal

• Explorer 9
• Explorer program