Expression of concern

In academic publishing, an expression of concern is a notice issued by a publisher against a particular publication, warning that it may contain errors or be otherwise untrustworthy.^[1]

Definitions

Expressions of concern are part of the post-publication process used to maintain the integrity of the scientific record. They are typically issued when credible allegations regarding the validity or ethics of a study arise, but conclusive evidence is not yet available to justify a retraction or correction. In such cases, journal editors may publish a statement indicating that concerns have been raised and that the article is under investigation^[2].

Guidelines and Editorial Practices

Publishing practices around expressions of concern vary between journals and publishers. The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) recommends their use^[2] when:

• There is inconclusive evidence of research or publication misconduct.
• There is evidence that the findings are unreliable, but the authors' institution has not investigated or refused to investigate.
• An investigation is ongoing and a judgment is not yet available.

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors also acknowledges the role of expressions of concern in its 2019 recommendations that a publisher may choose to issue an expression of concern while an investigation of alleged scientific misconduct is ongoing, and pending its outcome.^[3]

COPE further advises that expressions of concern should be clearly labeled, linked to the original article, and should explain the reasons for the concern without making definitive conclusions.

See also

• Erratum
• Post-publication peer review
• Retractions in academic publishing