False front

For the 1922 film, see False Fronts. For the design of the golf green, see False front (golf).

In architecture, the false front (also false facade, flying facade, screen wall) is a façade designed to disguise the true characteristics of a building, usually to beautify it.^[1][2][3] The architectural design and purposes of these wall-like^[4] features vary:

• making a building appear larger, more important, and better-built, like in the Western false front architecture,^[5] German Blendfassaden [de] (lit. 'blind facades') or Brick Gothic main facades (Schaufassaden, lit. 'show facades'). Some sources also use the term screen facade when discussing the Medieval and Renaissance churches,^[6][7] not to be confused with the modern "membrane" screen facade;
• creating a fake appearance to improve aesthetics, an architectural equivalent of trompe-l'oeil;^[8]
• in facadism, keeping the old facades with the goal of preserving the visual character of a historical neighborhood while allowing an entirely modern design of the actual buildings. In the view of preservationists, this creates a "Disneyland of false fronts"; ^[9]
• deliberate violation of the truth to materials principle ("false in material")^[5] for economical, insulation, or aesthetic purposes, like masonry veneer using a non-structural outer layer of stone^[10] or a membrane screen facade;
• hiding a gable roof, like a tall parapet wall;^[11]
• a purely decorative way to increase height, like the one of a roof comb, a flat structure that tops buildings in Mesoamerican architecture. Sometimes the comb was shifted from the center of the roof to one of the walls, forming a flying facade.^[12]

Mayan roof combs in Uxmal

Western false front architecture: Brick false front of Ismay Jail in Montana

Tradition of "show facades" goes back to the very beginnings of the architecture, when the simplest buildings might have just one opening serving both as a door and a window. The special role of the wall with this opening was stressed through articulation and decoration.^[13]

Outside of architecture, "false front" is used to describe a deceptive outward appearance in general,^[14] false hair in front (like bangs).^[15]

Facadism

This section is an excerpt from Facadism.[edit]

In the early 1920s, the Anglo-Czechoslovak Bank tore down its head office, the Sweerts-Sporck Palace [cs] in Prague, and had it rebuilt behind the preserved façade on a design by architect Josef Gočár, visible in the background

Facadism, façadism (also pejorative facadectomy, façadomy^[16])^[17] is the architectural and construction practice where the facade of a building is designed or constructed separately from the rest of a building, or when only the facade of a building is preserved with new buildings erected behind or around it.

There are aesthetic and historical reasons for preserving building facades. Facadism can be the response to the interiors of a building becoming unusable, such as being damaged by fire. In developing areas, however, the practice is sometimes used by property developers seeking to redevelop a site as a compromise with preservationists who wish to preserve buildings of historical or aesthetic interest. It can be regarded as a compromise between historic preservation and demolition and thus has been lauded as well as decried.^{[citation needed]}

Show facades

Flying facade of the Stralsunder City Hall [de]

In the Brick Gothic,^{[citation needed]} the Schaufassaden (lit. 'show facades',^[18] display facades), the facades facing the main street, were richly decorated and frequently concealed the cross-section structure of the building.^[19]

Western false front architecture

This section is an excerpt from Western false front architecture.[edit]

False front commercial buildings in Greenhorn, Oregon, 1913

Western false front architecture or false front commercial architecture is a type of commercial architecture used in the Old West of the United States. Often used on two-story buildings, the style includes a false front facade often hiding a gable roof.

The goal for buildings in this style is to project an image of stability and success, while in fact a business owner may not have invested much in a building that might be temporary. By emulating the rectangular profile of buildings in eastern North American cities, the style attempted to lend a more settled, urban feel to small frontier towns.^[20]

• the front façade of the building "rises to form a parapet (upper wall) which hides most or nearly all of the roof"
• the roof "is almost always a front gable, though gambrel and bowed roofs are occasionally found"
• "a better grade of materials is often used on the façade than on the sides or rear of the building" and
• "the façade exhibits greater ornamentation than do the other sides of the building."^[21]

See also

• Fake building, an urban-building-like shell housing unsightly machinery
• Westwork, a structural element that also presents a show facade
• Rood screen and iconostasis, internal decorative walls in church
• Stepped gable, Dutch gable, and clock gable, designs at the top of the triangular gable-end of a building projecting above the roofline
• Bell-gable, a wall extension in the church in lieue of the bell tower
• Potemkin village, the use of structures to make the grim reality appear better
• Cladding (construction), a thin layer of material used primarily for better weather resistance, but also for thermal insulation and appearance
  • Stone veneer, cladding using a thin layer of stone
  • Formstone, a type of stucco imitating stone
• Harvard brick, a technique for building brick facades in imitation of much older ones
• Rustication (architecture), a range of masonry techniques contrasting with smooth ashlar