First Saudi state

The first Saudi state (Arabic: الدولة السعودية الأولى, romanized: Ad-Dawlatul Sa'udiyyatul Uwlah), officially the Emirate of Diriyah (Arabic: إمارة الدرعية, romanized: Imāratul Dir'iyyah),^[1] was established in February 1727 (1139 AH).^[2][3] In 1744, the emir of a Najdi town called Diriyah, Muhammad bin Saud, and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab signed a pact to found a socio-religious reform movement to propagate the Wahhabi religious doctrine under the political leadership of the House of Saud.^[4][5]

Emirate of Dir'iyah إِمَارَةُ الدِّرْعِيَّةِ (Arabic)
1727–1818
Flag of the Emirate of Diriyah
Expansion of the Emirate of Diriyah in 1810
Status	Emirate
Capital	Diriyah
Common languages	Arabic
Religion	Sunni Islam
Demonym(s)	Arabian
Emir
• 1727–1765	Muhammad I
• 1765–1803	Abdulaziz I
• 1803–1814	Saud II
• 1814–1818	Abdullah I
History
• Diriyah Established	1727
• Diriyah Pact	1744
• Siege of Diriyah	1818
Currency	Diriyah Riyal
Preceded by Succeeded by Sheikhdom of Diriyah Hejaz Eyalet Bani Khalid Emirate Omani Empire Qasimid State Egypt Eyalet Emirate of Nejd Mu'ammarid Imamate

History

Early establishment

The House of Saud and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering Najd, and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from Kuwait down to the northern borders of Oman. Saud's forces also captured the highlands of 'Asir, while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to join jihad. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad. Saud's forces went so far as to gain command of the Shi'a holy city of Karbala in 1801. Here they destroyed the shrine of the saints and monuments and killed over 5,000 civilians.^[6] In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd.

Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792. In 1803, eleven years after his death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud, sent out forces to bring the region of Hejaz under his rule.^[7] Ta'if was the first city to be captured, and later the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina. This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the Ottoman Empire, which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517.

Decline of sovereignty

The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, by the Ottomans. This initiated the Ottoman–Saudi War, in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea. His son, Ibrahim Pasha, then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Nejd, capturing town after town. Saud's successor, his son Abdullah bin Saud, was unable to prevent the recapture of the region.^[8] Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah and placed it under siege for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the clans of Al Saud to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, Istanbul. Abdullah bin Saud was later executed in the Ottoman capital Istanbul with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the Bosphorus, marking the end of what was known as the first Saudi state.^[9] However, both the followers of the Wahhabi movement and the remaining members of the Al Saud clan stayed committed. They founded a second Saudi state that lasted until 1891, and later a third state, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which the Al Saud continue to rule up to the present day.^[10]

List of rulers

Main article: List of rulers of Saudi Arabia

Image of Abdullah bin Saud

• Emir Muhammad bin Saud 1727–1765 (1139–1179 H)
• Emir Abdulaziz bin Muhammad 1765–1803 (1179–1218 H)
• Emir Saud bin Abdulaziz 1803–1814 (1218–1229 H)
• Emir Abdullah bin Saud 1814–1818 (1229–1233 H)

See also

• Saudi Founding Day
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties