Frucht graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Frucht graph is a cubic graph with 12 vertices, 18 edges, and no nontrivial symmetries.^[1] It was first described by Robert Frucht in 1939.^[2]

Frucht graph
The Frucht graph
Named after	Robert Frucht
Vertices	12
Edges	18
Radius	3
Diameter	4
Girth	3
Automorphisms	1 ({id})
Chromatic number	3
Chromatic index	3
Properties	Cubic Halin Pancyclic
Table of graphs and parameters

The Frucht graph is a pancyclic, Halin graph with chromatic number 3, chromatic index 3, radius 3, and diameter 4. Like every Halin graph, the Frucht graph is polyhedral (planar and 3-vertex-connected) and Hamiltonian, with girth 3. Its independence number is 5.

The Frucht graph can be constructed from the LCF notation: [−5,−2,−4,2,5,−2,2,5,−2,−5,4,2].

Algebraic properties

The Frucht graph is one of the five smallest cubic graphs possessing only a single graph automorphism, the identity^[3] (that is, every vertex can be distinguished topologically from every other vertex). Such graphs are called asymmetric (or identity) graphs. Frucht's theorem states that any finite group can be realized as the group of symmetries of a graph,^[2] and a strengthening of this theorem also due to Frucht states that any finite group can be realized as the symmetries of a 3-regular graph;^[4] the Frucht graph provides an example of this realization for the trivial group.

The characteristic polynomial of the Frucht graph is ${\displaystyle (x-3)(x-2)x(x+1)(x+2)(x^{3}+x^{2}-2x-1)(x^{4}+x^{3}-6x^{2}-5x+4)}$.

Gallery

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  The chromatic number of the Frucht graph is 3.
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  The Frucht graph is Hamiltonian.