Gentiana lutea

Gentiana lutea, the great yellow gentian, is a species of gentian native to the mountains of central and southern Europe.

Gentiana lutea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Gentianaceae
Genus:	Gentiana
Species:	G. lutea
Binomial name
Gentiana lutea L.

Growth

Gentiana lutea is an herbaceous perennial plant, growing to 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) tall, with broad lanceolate to elliptic leaves 10–30 cm (3.9–11.8 in) long and 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) broad. The flowers are yellow, with the corolla separated nearly to the base into 5–7 narrow petals. It grows in grassy alpine and sub-alpine pastures, usually on calcareous soils.^[1]

Uses

Gentiana lutea is remarkable for the intense bitterness of the root and every part of the herbage. Gentian was used occasionally in brewing.^[2][3]

Gentiana lutea

Gentian root has a long history of use as an herbal bitter and is an ingredient of many proprietary medicines. The parts used include the dried, underground parts of the plant. The root is long and thick, usually about a 30 cm long (1 ft) and 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter, but sometimes 90 cm or more long (1 yard) and 5 cm in diameter (2 inches), yellowish-brown in colour and very bitter in taste.^[4] The rhizome and roots are collected in autumn and dried.^[4] Caution should be exercised as to its use because it is endangered,^{[5][citation needed]} and the closely related Centaurium erythraea shares many of its constituents and actions.^{[citation needed]}

The name is a tribute to Gentius, an Illyrian king who was thought^[6] to have found out that the herb had tonic properties.

In veterinary pharmacopeia in the 1860s, gentian root or gentian radix was considered useful as a tonic and stomachic.^[7][8]

Extracts of gentian root can be found in the American soft drink Moxie, and its unique flavor is attributed to that fact. It is used in France to produce a number of bitter liqueurs (genziana liqueurs), including Salers in the Cantal, and a Limousin specialty liqueur and aperitif called Avèze [fr]. The plants are now cultivated in the Auvergne area in view of their protected status, and they are no longer harvested from the wild in the Auvergne mountains.

The European Gentian Association in Lausanne has the objective to develop the knowledge and uses of yellow gentian and other species of Gentianaceae.

Gentiana lutea is depicted on the reverse of the Albanian 2000 lek banknote, issued in 2008. The note depicts King Gentius on its obverse.^[9]

Chemical constituents

Amarogentin and gentiopicrin, the bitter glycosides from gentian root

The bitter principles of gentian root are secoiridoid glycosides amarogentin and gentiopicrin. The former is one of the most bitter natural compounds known^[10] and is used as a scientific basis for measuring bitterness.