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Glossary of mereology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a glossary of mereology. Mereology is the philosophical study of part-whole relationships, also called parthood relationships.[1]
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A
- anti-symmetry of parthood
- In mereology, a principle stating that if A is part of B and B is part of A, then A and B are identical, reinforcing the notion of precise part-whole relationships.[2]
- atomic mereology
- A branch of mereology that deals with wholes that are ultimately composed of indivisible parts, or atoms, focusing on how such atomic parts combine to form larger wholes.[3]
- atomless gunk
- See gunk.
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B
C
- calculus of individuals
- Because mereology applies to individuals, it is called the calculus of individuals, in contrast to set theory, which is called the calculus of classes.[4]
- classical mereology
- Classical mereology is the mereological theory obtained by assuming that the parthood relation is a partial ordering, and that the unrestricted fusion principle holds.[5]
- composition
- The relation that connects many things to a single thing that includes whatever is in the many things, and nothing extraneous to them.[2]
- compositional universalism
- A position in mereology that holds any collection of entities, regardless of how disparate, can constitute a whole, leading to the possibility of any entities forming a composite object.[6] Also called "mereological universalism".[7]
D
E
- extensional mereology
- A branch of mereology that focuses on the relations of parts to wholes based on the extensions of the parts, without regard to the nature or properties of the parts.[2]
- extensionality
- The principle in mereology stating that two objects are identical if they have the same proper parts.[8]
F
- fusion
- Synonym for "mereological sum".[9]
G
- general extensional mereology
- General extensional mereology is the mereological theory obtained by assuming that the parthood relation is a partial ordering and that the strong supplementation principle, and the unrestricted fusion principle, hold.[5]
- ground mereology
- Ground mereology is the mereological theory obtained by assuming that the parthood relation is a partial ordering.[5]
- gunk
- An object or substance whose parts all have proper parts, which means the object is divisible into parts indefinitely, with no simplest parts or atoms. (Short for "atomless gunk".)
- gunky
- Adjective describing entities, or worlds, made out of atomless gunk – that is, objects all of whose parts have proper parts.[10]
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H
I
- identity of indiscernibles
- A principle often discussed in the context of mereology, stating that no two distinct objects have exactly the same properties, thus differentiating even similar wholes by their specific parts.
J
- junk
- A state of affairs where all objects are proper parts of something else, which means objects are composable into further objects indefinitely, never forming a complete "world". (Short for "worldless junk"; coined as the converse of "atomless gunk".)[13]
- junky
- Adjective describing a possible world with junk in it, i.e., a world where every object is a proper part of something else.[12]
K
- knug
- Term coined by John Parsons[14] for what is more commonly called "junk"; coined to be "gunk" written backwards.[10]
- knunk
- A proposed term for structures that are junky and all their members are gunky; coinage by Giberman, inspired by Parsons's "knug", to reflect what must have been meant by the coiners of "hunky", since, if worlds are taken to be concrete objects, no gunky-and-junky worlds are possible.[10]
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L
M
- mereological continuity
- The principle in mereology that suggests wholes are continuously divisible into smaller and smaller parts, with no abrupt discontinuities in the structure of the objects.
- mereological essentialism
- The view in mereology that parts are essential to the wholes they constitute; that is, a whole cannot exist without having precisely those parts.
- mereological extensionality
- The principle in mereology stating that two objects are identical if they have the same proper parts.[8]
- mereological fusion
- Synonym for "mereological sum".[15]
- mereological harmony
- See harmony.[2][11]
- mereological monism
- The view that, in a large and significant domain of things, classical extensional mereology is the only correct theory of parthood and composition.[16][2] Not to be confused with monism.
- mereological nihilism
- The philosophical position that denies the existence of composite objects, asserting that only basic, partless entities exist.[17]
- mereological sum
- An object that is composed of all and only the entities in a given collection, according to the principles of mereology.[9]
- mereological universalism
- The view that two objects always compose a third, which is to say, that mereological composition is unrestricted.[7] Also called "compositional universalism".[6]
- mereology
- The study of the relationships between parts and wholes, and the principles governing the composition of objects.[9]
- minimal mereology
- Minimal mereology is the mereological theory obtained by assuming that the parthood relation is a partial ordering, and that the weak supplementation principle holds.[5]
- monism
- The view that there is only one fundamental object, which is the cosmos, and that all other objects (its parts) derive their reality from it.[18] Formally, , where represents the cosmos, and represents the status of being a basic actual concrete object, i.e., an object that is concrete and does not depend on anything concrete.[13] Not to be confused with senses of "monism" outside of mereology, or with mereological monism.
N
- non-well-founded mereology
- An approach to mereology where parts and wholes can form circular or self-referential structures, challenging traditional, well-founded notions of parthood.[19]
O
P
- parthood
- The relation between an entity and a composite object of which it is a part, central to mereology, the study of parts and wholes.[1]
- proper parthood
- A relation between two entities where one is a part of the other but not equivalent to it, indicating a strict subset relationship in the context of mereology.[9]
- pluralism
- The view there are more than one fundamental object; opposed to monism.[18] Not to be confused with senses of "pluralism" outside of mereology.
- priority pluralism
- Another term for pluralism, emphasizing that pluralities are metaphysically prior to wholes, although wholes exist.[10]
Q
R
- reflexivity of parthood
- The property according to which everything is part of itself.[9]
S
- simple
- In mereology, a simple is an object that has no parts other than itself, often considered in discussions of mereological nihilism and the debate over the existence of composite objects.
- strong supplementation principle
- A principle in mereology stating that if an object is not part of another, then there must be a part of the latter that does not overlap with the object, emphasizing the distinctness and separability of parts within wholes.[20]
T
- transitivity of parthood
- The property where if A is part of B, and B is part of C, then A is part of C, emphasizing the chain-like nature of part-whole relationships.[21]
U
- underlap
- A concept in mereology where two objects do not share any parts in common, opposite of overlap, emphasizing the disjointness of the objects.[9]
- unrestricted fusion
- A principle in mereology allowing for the existence of a composite object consisting of any collection of parts, regardless of how dispersed or unrelated those parts may be.[22]
V
W
- worldless junk
- See junk.
X
Y
Z
See also
References
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