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Graphidales
Order of lichen-forming fungi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species,[2] which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.[3]
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History
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The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as family Graphideae.[1] In 1907, they were established as an order by American botanist Bessey (1845–1915),[4][5][6]
When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae who were both mainly tropical based and each family had about 800–1000 species.[7]
Sherwood in 1977 proposed to maintain a distinction between the Graphidales with mostly lichenised members and the Ostropales which included mostly non-lichenised fungi, based on different spore septation types.[8]
Molecular data by Winka et al. in 1998, supported a close relationship between the two groups of species.[9][10]
The Graphidales were then included in the Ostropales order (Lecanoromycetes) for a long time (Staiger 2002;[11] Kalb et al. 2004;[12] Hibbett et al. 2007;[13] Lumbsch et al. 2007;[14] Kirk et al. 2008;[15] Baloch et al. 2010;[16] Rivas Plata and Lumbsch 2011;[17] Rivas Plata et al. 2012;[18] Lumbsch et al. 2014;[19] Lücking et al. 2017;[20] Wijayawardene et al. 2018).[21]
In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of class Lecanoromycetes were examined by using mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing which found that orders Graphidales and Ostropales were monophyletic.[22]
Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were non-monophyletic and consequently Thelotremataceae was included in Graphidaceae as a synonym.[23] Graphidaceae also included subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae.[24][25]
However, Kraichak et al. in 2018,[26] ranked Graphidales as a separate order based on a temporal approach, and accepted five families; Diploschistaceae, Fissurinaceae, Gomphillaceae, Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae.[27][28] Wijayawardene et al. 2020 agreed but also added family Redonographaceae to the order,[2] Other authors have agreed on the use of reinstated order of Graphidales.[3][29][30][31]
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Description
Most species in the order are lichens which have a thallus (vegetative tissue) which is crustose and ascocarps (fruiting body) which are apothecioid (cup-shaped).[32][33]
The Graphidaceae are mostly epiphytic lichens with trentepohlioid photobiont (i.e., filamentous, multicellular green algae from genus Trentepohlia),[34] and graphidoid, distoseptate (forming a layer) ascospores.[35][36]
Family Gomphillaceae was originally based on a single species, Gomphillus calycioides (Watson, 1929), which is an unusual taxon growing over bryophytes.[37]
It includes a common asexual fungus Lawreya glyphidiphila (Teratosphaeriaceae family) which is described as growing on lichenized fungi Glyphis scyphulifera (Graphidaceae family).[29]
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Distribution
They are mainly found in warmer regions living on bark.[32] Genera in the order of Graphidales has been found worldwide,[38] from North America (including Florida,[29][39]), South America (including Venezuela,[40] Costa Rica,[41] and Guianas,[42]), Africa (including Kenya,[43] and South Africa,[44]), Asia (including China,[31][45] Vietnam,[46] Sri Lanka,[47] India,[3][48] and Thailand,[49]) Australia,[50][51] and also New Zealand.[5][52]
Species of family Gomphillaceae are found in north-eastern Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba.[37]
Families and genera
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This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Graphidales, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification.[2] Following the taxon name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and (for genera) the number or estimated number of species:
Diploschistaceae Zahlbr (1905)
- Acanthothecis Clem. (ca. 60)
- Acanthotrema Frisch (6)
- Aggregatorygma M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (2)
- Ampliotrema Kalb ex Kalb (17)
- Asteristion Leight. (7)
- Austrotrema I. Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch (3)
- Borinquenotrema Merc.-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen (1)
- Byssotrema M. Cáceres (1)
- Carbacanthographis Staiger & Kalb (28)
- Compositrema Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (4)
- Corticorygma M. Cáceres, S.C. Feuerst., Aptroot & Lücking (1)
- Diploschistes Norman (33)
- Fibrillithecis A. Frisch (15)
- Gintarasia Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch (8)
- Glaucotrema Rivas Plata & Lumbsch (5)
- Gyrotrema A. Frisch (6)
- Heiomasia Nelsen, Lücking & Rivas Plata (5)
- Melanotopelia Lumbsch & Mangold (4)
- Melanotrema A. Frisch (12)
- Myriochapsa M. Cáceres, Lücking & Lumbsch (3)
- Myriotrema Fée (55)
- Nadvornikia Tibell (5)
- Nitidochapsa Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (5)
- Ocellularia G. Mey. (ca. 400)
- Phaeographopsis Sipman (3)
- Pseudoramonia Kantvilas & Vězda (4)
- Redingeria A. Frisch (9)
- Reimnitzia Kalb (1)
- Rhabdodiscus Vain. (36)
- Sanguinotrema Lücking (1)
- Schizotrema Mangold & Lumbsch (8)
- Stegobolus Mont. (16)
- Topeliopsis Kantvilas & Vězda (20)
- Wirthiotrema Rivas Plata, Kalb, Frisch & Lumbsch (5)
- Xalocoa Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch (1)
Fissurinaceae (Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch) B.P. Hodk. (2012)
- Clandestinotrema Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch (17)
- Cruentotrema Rivas Plata, Papong, Lumbsch & Lücking (7)
- Dyplolabia A. Massal. (5)
- Enigmotrema Lücking (1)
- Fissurina Fée (ca. 155)
- Pycnotrema Rivas Plata & Lücking (2)
Gomphillaceae Walt. Watson (1984)
- Actinoplaca Müll. Arg. (2)
- Aderkomyces Bat. (30)
- Aplanocalenia Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda (1)
- Arthotheliopsis Vain. (5)
- Asterothyrium Müll. Arg. (32)
- Aulaxina Fée (14)
- Calenia Müll. Arg. (30)
- Caleniopsis Vězda & Poelt (2)
- Cladosterigma (Speg.) Höhn. (1920) (1)[53]
- Corticifraga D. Hawksw. & R. Sant. (9)
- Diploschistella Vain. (4)
- Echinoplaca Fée (40)
- Ferraroa Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda (1)
- Gomphillus Nyl. (6)
- Gyalectidium Müll. Arg. (52)
- Gyalidea Lettau (50)
- Gyalideopsis Vězda (91)
- Hippocrepidea Sérus. (1)
- Jamesiella Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda (4)
- Lithogyalideopsis Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda (4)
- Paragyalideopsis Etayo (4)
- Paratricharia Lücking (1)
- Phyllogyalidea Lücking & Aptroot (2)
- Psorotheciopsis Rehm (7)
- Rolueckia Papong, Thammath. & Boonpr. (3)
- Taitaia Suija, Kaasalainen, Kirika & Rikkinen (1)
- Tricharia Fée (ca. 30)
Graphidaceae Dumort. (1822)
- Allographa Chevall. (ca. 185)
- Anomalographis Kalb (2)
- Anomomorpha Nyl. ex Hue (8)
- Creographa A. Massal. (2)
- Cryptoschizotrema Aptroot et al (2)
- Diaphorographis A.W. Archer & Kalb (2)
- Diorygma Eschw. (77)
- Flegographa A. Massal. (1)
- Glyphis Ach. (7)
- Graphis Adans. (ca. 275)
- Halegrapha Rivas Plata & Lücking (9)
- Hemithecium Trevis. (ca. 50)
- Jocatoa R. Miranda (1)
- Kalbographa Lücking (5)
- Leiorreuma Eschw. (18)
- Malmographina M. Cáceres, Rivas Plata & Lücking (1)
- Mangoldia Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2)
- Pallidogramme Staiger, Kalb & Lücking (14)
- Phaeographis Müll. Arg. (ca. 180)
- Platygramme Fée (30)
- Platythecium Staiger (27)
- Pliariona A. Massal. (1)
- Polistroma Clemente (1)
- Pseudochapsa Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (19)
- Pseudotopeliopsis Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (4)
- Sarcographa Fée (37)
- Sarcographina Müll. Arg. (6)
- Schistophoron Stirt. (5)
- Thalloloma Trevis. (20)
- Thecaria Fée (4)
- Thecographa A. Massal. (3)
Redonographaceae (Lücking, Tehler & Lumbsch) Lumbsch (2020)
- Gymnographopsis C.W. Dodge (3)
- Redonographa Lücking, Tehler & Lumbsch (5)
Thelotremataceae Stizenb. (1862)
- Astrochapsa Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (29)
- Chapsa A. Massal. (ca. 60)
- Chroodiscus (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg. (17)
- Crutarndina Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch (1)
- Leucodecton A. Massal. (31)
- Paratopeliopsis Merc.-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen (1)
- Thelotrema Ach. (includes Tremotylium Nyl.) (165)
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References
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