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Grigory Romodanovsky
Russian general From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Grigory Grigoryevich Romodanovsky (Russian: Григорий Григорьевич Ромодановский) was a controversial figure of the Russian foreign policy as a member of the Razryadny Prikaz, playing a key role in pursuing leaders of the Ukrainian Cossack officers into the union with the Muscovy state. During the Russo-Polish war, he was a leading Russian general of Tsar Alexis's reign who promoted the Tsar's interests in Ukraine.
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Biography
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Early career
His birth date is unknown. In 1653, he participated in the Zemsky Sobor. During the Russo-Polish War, he took part in the campaign against Galicia with the Zaporozhian Cossacks, where he captured many towns. His first major achievement was the capture of Chortkiv. After this, he and the Cossacks forced the Polish army to retreat beyond Lviv and fought them near the village of Horodok. His troops achieved a decisive victory and after that captured many cities like Bar, Gusyatin, Zinkov, Krasnopillya and others. During the capture of Lublin, parts of the Life-giving Cross of the Lord were captured as war trophies. In November, the commander again fought the Poles at Ozerna, but this time such a victory did not follow. He soon had to lift the siege of Lvov, as he received news of another Crimean invasion.
Campaign against Vyhovsky
Romodanovsky learned that Vyhovsky had launched a rebellion and was sent to suppress it. He suffered a defeat at Nizhyn, but soon he repelled Vyhovsky's forces from Kyiv. Ultimately, he won a decisive victory over the Cossacks at Varva. As result, his invasion was successful.[1] In 1659 he captured by siege fortress Borzna and decisive defeated enemy troops at Nizhyn. Soon after these victories, By this victories Romodanovsky crushed the uprising of Vyhovsky.
Campaign against Yurii Khmelnytsky
In 1662, he again had to suppress the Cossacks, this time under the Ukrainian Hetman Yuri Khmelnytsky, who had recently defected after his defeat at Chudnov. Romodanovsky defeated him in several battles, like Kaniv and Lubny, but suffered a defeat in crossing of Dnieper at Buzhyn. He defeated Ivan Bohun in battle of Kremenchuk and Zhovnin [2]
Polish Left-Bank campaign
The Poles conceived a large-scale plan to invade Ukraine and then march on Moscow. Romodanovsky learned that the enemy had crossed the Dnieper and had already captured many important cities. They were unable to take Glukhov, where Romodanovsky's forces had arrived. He fought the Poles in several battles and was soon recalled to Belgorod.
Left-Bank uprising
In 1668, another betrayal occurred on the part of the Cossacks, this time by Bryukhovetsky. In his new campaign, he was tasked with liberating the left bank against the best Cossack commanders of the time. In march of 1668, Sirko organised an armed revolt on Sloboda Ukraine and was on the march, with majority of Cossacks siding with him, but as soon as Romodanovsky prepared to set off against him, he abandoned the cities he had captured and withdrew to Dnieper Ukraine. In the end of the same month, his army laid siege on the settlement of Kotelva. In June of 1668, he was attacked by Petro Doroshenko, who was allied with the Crimean troops. He was able to repel the attacks and withdraw to the Russian territory, although being forced to lift the siege of Kotelva. Months later, he reappeared at Nizhyn with an army, defeated the Cossacks and lifted the siege. He advanced and, on September 17, defeated Ivan Samoylovych and forced him to lift the siege of Chernihiv. However, in October, a large Tatar army led by Kalga-sultan entered the Left-bank Ukraine. Knowing about the Crimean offensive, he started withdrawing to Putyvl, while leaving an armed detachment led by his son Andrey, which on October 10, was defeated near Gaivoron. Next day, the Allies attacked Romodanovsky at Konotop but he managed to avoid a rout, thus achieving a victory. His successes eventually forced Mnohohrishny to enter a peace talks with the Russians, ending the armed resistance in the Left bank.
Rivalry with Kara Mustafa Pasha
The Russians faced a formidable adversary: the Turks, who sought to protect their vassal, Doroshenko. In 1674, Romodanovsky marched into Ukraine and achieved success, defeating the Cossacks in several battles and laying siege to Chyhyryn. However, as the Turkish army under Pasha Kara Mustafa arrived and routed the Cossacks at Ladyzhyn, Romodanovsky was forced to withdraw beyond the Dnieper.
In 1676, while the Turks were fighting the Poles, Russian troops defeated Doroshenko's brother at Lysianka and besieged Chyhyryn. Doroshenko received no aid from the Turks, who were preoccupied with the war, and was forced to surrender. The Right Bank was captured. But the Turks were unwilling to give up their lands, so in 1677 a large Turkish army under Shaitan Ibrahim Pasha advanced and besieged a Russian-Cossack garrison in Chyhyryn. To lift the siege, Romodanovsky had set off with an army and in the end of August, he started crossing the Dnieper the Buzhyn carriage, where he encountered the Ottomans and Tatars. His troops managed to decisively defeat the Turks and force them to withdraw from Chyhyryn. After their victory, they began to restore Chyhyryn's fortifications. Despite the success, he failed to completely rout the Ottoman army, and the following year, the Turks marched on Chyhyryn, led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha himself. They began the siege of Chyhyryn. Meanwhile, Romodanovsky crossed the Dnieper and, in battles near the Chyhyryn Heights, although not immediately, defeated Kara Mustafa's commander and occupied them. However, Mustafa destroyed the bridges, hindering his crossing. Thus, Romodanovsky could not decide on a decisive battle, as crossing in full view of the Turks was impractical. He was forced to simply watch the Turks take Chyhyryn and begin a retreat.
Battle of the Dnieper (1678)
In the fighting on the Dnieper River, he encountered Kara Mustafa's army, which was pursuing him. The first battle took place on August 14. The Turks were initially losing, but according to Gordon, "they drove the Christians back to the camp, with the latter even fleeing first." The battle was fierce on both sides; the Turks lost three pashas, while the Russians lost many nobles, one of them being Ivan Mikhailov.[3] On the second day, the Cossacks attacked the Turks and began to win, but the Turkish sipahis drove the Cossacks back and took back what they had captured.
Meanwhile, on August 16, 5,000-6,000 drunken Cossacks, along with Russian forces, attacked and drove out the Janissaries, then sat idle for an hour. The Turks then pounced on them and inflicted enormous losses, capturing 14 Cossack and two Russian banners, while the Cossacks perished in the thousands. This is confirmed by De la Croix, who said that several prisoners and about a thousand heads were brought to the vizier. Romodanovsky had to conceal some setbacks, offsetting them with successes. On August 17, the Russian-Cossack army decided to attritionally attack the Turks and shelled their army. The Turks retreated from the enemy camp. Kara Mustafa likely wanted to continue the battle, but the dissatisfaction of his commanders due to logistical problems and the damage to his reputation that he "wanted to destroy the army" forced him to withdrew. Romodanovsky abandoned the pursuit of the Ottomans. The Turks began retreating beyond Tiasmin on August 20. It's worth noting that the Turks' logistics were indeed difficult, and 100 Polish wagons saved them from starvation.[4]
Thus, the confrontation between the two great commanders ended. Romodanovsky continued his retreat, while Kara Mustafa destroyed Chyhyryn. The Turks celebrated victory on August 20, 21, and 22.[5] The fates of both commanders were similar. Romodanovsky died in 1682 from public dissatisfaction with his decisions, and Mustafa was executed for his mistake at Vienna in 1683.
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Death
Prince Grigory Romodanovsky was killed by the mob during the Moscow Uprising of 1682.[6][7]
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