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Grinold and Kroner Model
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The Grinold and Kroner Model is used to calculate expected returns for a stock, stock index or the market as whole.
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The model states that:
Where are the expected returns
- is the dividend in next period (period 1 assuming current t=0)
- is the current price (price at time 0)
- is the expected inflation rate
- is the real growth rate in earnings (note that by adding real growth and inflation, this is basically identical to just adding nominal growth)
- is the changes in shares outstanding (i.e. increases in shares outstanding decrease expected returns)
- is the changes in P/E ratio (positive relationship between changes in P/e and expected returns)
One offshoot of this discounted cash flow analysis is the disputed Fed model, which compares the earnings yield to the nominal 10-year Treasury bond yield.
Grinold, Kroner, and Siegel (2011) estimated the inputs to the Grinold and Kroner model and arrived at a then-current equity risk premium estimate between 3.5% and 4%.[2] The equity risk premium is the difference between the expected total return on a capitalization-weighted stock market index and the yield on a riskless government bond (in this case one with 10 years to maturity).
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