Gungu language

Bantu language of Uganda From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gungu is a Bantu language spoken by the Gungu (or Bagungu) people in western Uganda.

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Phonology

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Consonants

Casali and Diprose tentatively argue that the labialized (Cʷ) and palatalized (Cʲ) sequences may be sequences of CuV and CiV, respectively.[3]

More information Bilabial, Labio-dental ...
Gungu consonants[4]
Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lab. pal. plain lab. pal. plain lab. pal. plain lab. pal. plain lab. pal.
Nasal -nas m m mw my n n nw ni̱ ɲ ny ɲʲ nyi̱ ŋ ngh ŋʲ nghy
+nas m̩m mm m̩mʷ mmw m̩mʲ mmy n̩n nn n̩nʷ nnw n̩nʲ nni ɲ̩ɲ nny ɲ̩ɲʷ nnyw
Stop/
Affricate
-voice -nas p p pw py f f t t tw ty c t͡ʃ t͡ʃʷ cw t͡ʃʲ cy k k kw ky
+nas mp mp m̩pʷ mpw m̩pʲ mpy n̩f nf n̩t nt ⁿtʷ ntw ⁿtʲ nty ⁿt͡ʃ nc n̩t͡ʃʷ ncw ŋk nk ŋkʷ nkw ŋkʲ nky
+voice -nas b bb bbw bby v v d d dw dy d͡ʒ j d͡ʒʷ jw d͡ʒʲ jy g g gw gy
+nas mb mb m̩bʷ mbw m̩bʲ mby ⁿv nv n̩d nd ⁿdʷ ndw ⁿdʲ ndy ⁿd͡ʒ nj n̩d͡ʒʷ njw ŋg ng ŋ̩gʷ ngw ŋ̩gʲ ngy
Fricative -voice -nas s s sw sy h h hw hy
+nas ⁿs ns n̩sʷ nsw n̩sʲ nsy
+voice -nas β b βʲ by z z zw zy
+nas n̩z nz ⁿzʷ nzw ⁿzʲ nzy
Tap ɾ r ɾʷ rw ɾʲ ry
Approximant ʋ ʋʷ b̯w l l lw ly j y yw w w
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Vowels

Gungu has 14 vowel phonemes. The mid vowels are variants of the open-mid vowels. Vowels before prenasalized consonants and after labialized and palatalized consonants are always long but are written short. The close and mid vowels are considered "hard", and the others are considered "soft." Gungu has a form of vowel harmony, in which the mid vowels generally only appear in words with the "hard" close vowels.[4]

Monophthongs

More information Front, Central ...
Gungu vowels
FrontCentralBack
ShortLongShortLongShortLong
Close i i̱i̱u u̱u̱
Near-close ɪ iɪː iiʊ uʊː u
Mid (e e)( ee)(o o)( oo)
Open-mid ɛ eɛː eeɔ oɔː oo
Open ä aäː aa
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Diphthongs

Gungu has eight diphthongs.

More information Front Hard, Front Soft ...
Gungu diphthongs
Front HardFront SoftBack HardBack Soft
Mid ei̯ ei̱ɛɪ̯ eioi̯ oi̱ɔɪ̯ oi
Open äi̯ ai̱äɪ̯ aiäu̯ au̱äʊ̯ au
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Tone

Tone is only marked on Gungu verbs indicating the recent past. This tense is marked with a plus symbol (+).[5]

Orthography

More information Capital, Lowercase ...
Gungu alphabet[4]
CapitalLowercaseIPA
Aa/ä/
Aaaa/äː/
Bb/β/
/ʋ/
Bbbb/b/
Cc/t͡ʃ/
Dd/d/
Ee/e/, /ɛ/
Eeee//, /ɛː/
Ff/f/
Gg/g/
Hh/h/
Ii/ɪ/
IIii/ɪː/
/i/
I̱I̱i̱i̱//
Jj/d͡ʒ/
Kk/k/
Ll/l/
Mm/m/
Nn/n/
Nghngh/ŋ/
Nyny/ɲ/
Oo/o/, /ɔ/
Oooo//, /ɔː/
Pp/p/
Rr/ɾ/
Ss/s/
Tt/t/
Uu/ʊ/
Uuuu/ʊ/
/u/
U̱U̱u̱u̱//
Vv/v/
Ww/w/
Yy/j/
Zz/z/
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References

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