HMGA

HMGA is a family of high mobility group proteins characterized by an AT-hook. They code for a "small, nonhistone, chromatin-associated protein that has no intrinsic transcriptional activity but can modulate transcription by altering the chromatin architecture".^[1] Mammals have two orthologs: HMGA1 and HMGA2.

high mobility group AT-hook 1
Identifiers
Symbol	HMGA1
Alt. symbols	HMGIY
NCBI gene	3159
HGNC	5010
OMIM	600701
RefSeq	NM_145901
UniProt	P17096
Other data
Locus	Chr. 6 p21
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high mobility group AT-hook 2
Identifiers
Symbol	HMGA2
Alt. symbols	HMGIC
NCBI gene	8091
HGNC	5009
OMIM	600698
RefSeq	NM_003484
UniProt	P52926
Other data
Locus	Chr. 12 q15
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Genomic distribution

In mouse embryonic stem cells it has been demonstrated that both HMGA proteins binds uniformly to the DNA due to their AT-hook domains, with a slight preference for AT-rich regions/^[2] Such regions tend to lack coding genes, an observation that argues against a direct role in transcriptional control and in agreement with previous studies, suggest that these proteins have a structural role in the chromatin, similar to histone.

Function

Normally, when cells are subjected to increased DNA damage (such as the formation of 6-O-methylguanine) this causes an increase in apoptosis (programmed cell death). However, cells with diminished activity for either proteins HMGA1 or HMGA2 (or both together) are more tolerant of such DNA damage than cells in which these proteins are not diminished.^[3] Thus a normal function of the HMGA1 and HMGA2 proteins appears to be to signal the presence of DNA damage leading to induction of apoptosis.^[3]

Association with human traits

Variations in HMGA2 to have a moderate association with adult height.^[4][5]

See also

• HMGA1
• HMGA2