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Hakata dialect

Japanese dialect of Fukuoka From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hakata dialect
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This article is about the dialect spoken in Hakata Ward, Fukuoka. For the wider Hichiku dialect spoken in Fukuoka Prefecture, see Chikuzen dialect.

Hakata dialect (博多弁, Hakata-ben) is a Japanese dialect spoken in Fukuoka city.[1] Hakata dialect originated in Hakata commercial district, while a related Fukuoka dialect (福岡弁, Fukuoka-ben) was spoken in the central district.[2] Hakata dialect has spread throughout the city and its suburbs. Most Japanese regard Hakata dialect as the dialect typical of Fukuoka Prefecture, so it is sometimes called Fukuoka-ben.[citation needed]

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Banners in a shopping mall using Hakata dialect

Hakata dialect is being increasingly spoken in television interviews in Fukuoka, where previously standard Japanese was expected.[citation needed]

Hakata-ben, a dialect of Kyushu with historically strong ties to Okinawa (Ryukyu), retains a rich vocabulary that appears to share roots with the Ryukyuan languages. One example is the Okinawan word フーチバー, which means "mugwort." In Hakata-ben, related terms such as フツ and フツッパ (literally "leaf of フツ") are used, suggesting a common linguistic origin.

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Grammar

The basic grammar of Hakata dialect is similar to other Hichiku dialects such as Saga dialect, Nagasaki dialect, and Kumamoto dialect. For example, Hakata dialect uses to or tto as a question, e.g., "What are you doing?", realized in standard Japanese as nani o shiteiru no?, is nan ba shiyo tto? or nan shitō to? in Hakata and other Hichiku dialects.

Characteristics

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Among the various distinctive features of Hakata-dialect, some representative expressions include:

  • 〜どげん ("dogen") – meaning "how" or "what kind of"
  • 〜っちゃん ("-cchan") – used to emphasize a statement, similar to "you know"
  • 〜と？ ("-to?") – a sentence-ending particle indicating a question, similar to "is it?" or "are you?"
  • 〜やけん ("-yaken") – meaning "because" or "therefore"
  • 〜ばい ("-bai") – a sentence-ending particle meaning "it is" or used for emphasis
  • 〜たい ("-tai") – another sentence-ending particle conveying affirmation, similar to "-bai"

In particular, among younger speakers, the usage of 〜ちゃん ("-chan") is often preferred instead of 〜たい for a softer expression.

Accent

When a verb is followed by the particle 「と」 (to), which corresponds to the standard Japanese particle 「の」 (no) used for questions (e.g., "Are you going home?"), the pitch tends to rise toward the end.

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  • 帰ると? ("Kaeru to?") – low-high-high-high
  • 帰りよーと? ("Kaeriyō to?") – low-high-high-high-high-high

When two verbs are connected in an auxiliary relationship, only the first syllable of the first verb and the last syllable of the second verb are pronounced with a low pitch.

  • 出てきた ("Detekita") – low-high-high-low
  • 帰ってきた ("Kaettekita") – low-high-(variable)-high-high-low

In phrases where the particle 「の」 (no) attaches to a noun or a clause, the main word generally adopts a rising intonation.

  • 雨のあがった ("Ame no agatta") – low-high-high-high-high-(variable)-low

When a verb stands alone or is concluded with the past or perfective marker 「た」 (ta), the final syllable must drop in pitch.

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Examples:

  • 見る ("Miru", to see) – high-low
  • きく ("Kiku", to listen) – low-high → high-low
  • かえる ("Kaeru", to return) – high-low-low
  • あるく ("Aruku", to walk) – low-high-low
  • さがす ("Sagasu", to search) – low-high-high → low-high-low
  • きこえる ("Kikoeru", to be heard) – low-high-high-high → low-high-high-low

Anime and Manga

Many Japanese anime and manga works feature characters who speak Kyushu dialects, including Hakata-dialect.[3]

Anime:

References

External links

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