Heterocyathus

Heterocyathus is a genus of coral^[1][2] of the family Caryophylliidae.

Heterocyathus
Heterocyathus aequicostatus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Subphylum:	Anthozoa
Class:	Hexacorallia
Order:	Scleractinia
Family:	Caryophylliidae
Genus:	Heterocyathus Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1848
Synonyms
Brachytrochus Duncan, 1876 (junior homonym) Brachytrochus Reuss, 1864 † Heterocyathus (Stephanoseris) Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851 Psammoseris Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851 Spongiocyathus Folkeson, 1919 Stephanoseris Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851

Species

• Heterocyathus aequicostatus Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1848^[3] (type species)
  • Subspecies Heterocyathus aequicostatus delicatus Sakakura, 1935
  • Subspecies Heterocyathus aequicostatus parasiticus Semper, 1872
• Heterocyathus alternatus Verrill, 1865
• Heterocyathus antoniae Reyes, Santodomingo & Cairns, 2009
• Heterocyathus hemisphaericus Gray, 1849
• Heterocyathus sulcatus (Verrill, 1866)
• Heterocyathus cochlea (Spengler, 1781)
• Heterocyathus eupsammides Gray, 1849
• Heterocyathus hemisphericus Gray, 1849
• Heterocyathus heterocostatus Harrison, 1911
• Heterocyathus incrustans (Dennant, 1906)
• Heterocyathus japonicus (Verrill, 1866)
• Heterocyathus lamellosus (Verrill, 1865)
• Heterocyathus mai Cheng, 1971
• Heterocyathus oblongatus Rehberg, 1892
• Heterocyathus parasiticus Semper, 1872
• Heterocyathus philippensis Semper, 1872
• Heterocyathus philippinensis Semper, 1872
• Heterocyathus pulchellus Rehberg, 1892
• Heterocyathus roussaeanus Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1848
• Heterocyathus rousseaui (Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1857)
• Heterocyathus woodmasoni Alcock, 1893

Ecology

'Mobility of this genus is facultative which means they have the capacity to move around but not always will they exhibit it. Heterocyathus could have zooxanthellae in shallow water, however, they may live on without symbiotic algae at deeper depths.^[4] The Heterocyathus species is sometimes hermatypic or a hard coral primarily responsible for reef-building. In the case of Heterocyathus, reefs are made as the species produces layers of calcium carbonate beneath their bodies.^[5] They show epifaunal characteristics and hence are seen in deeper areas of water. They are microcarnivores^[6] feeding on tiny organisms.^[7] A species of hermit crabs, Diogenidae Heteropsammia, allows for the Heterocyathus the ability to roam around the seafloor. ^[8]

Symbiotic Relationships

Heterocyathus has both a mutualism and parasitism relationship with another organism called the Albian scleractinian- sipunculan (commonly known as a type of worm). The coral benefits since the worm offers nutrients and food, meanwhile the worm benefits since the coral is a form of protection or shelter. However, if the shell of the coral outgrows the worm, the worm benefits by gaining total protection, thus making a parasitism relationship ^[9]

[10]http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0184311