Heterofullerene

Heterofullerenes are classes of fullerenes, at least one carbon atom is replaced by another element.^[1][2] Based on spectroscopy, substitutions have been reported with boron (borafullerenes),^[3][4] nitrogen (azafullerenes),^[5][6] oxygen (oxafullerenes),^[7] arsenic (arsafullerenes), germanium (germafullerenes),^[8] phosphorus (phosphafullerenes),^[9] silicon (silafullerenes),^[10][11] iron (ferrafullerenes), copper (cuprafullerenes), nickel (nickelafullerenes), rhodium (rhodafullerenes)^[11][12] and iridium (iridafullerenes).^[11] Reports on isolated heterofullerenes are limited to those based on nitrogen ^{[13][14][15][16][17]} and oxygen.^[18]