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Hungary–Romania border
International border From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Hungary–Romania border (Hungarian: Magyar–Román Államhatár; Romanian: Frontiera între Ungaria și România) refers to the state border between Hungary and Romania. It was established in 1920 by an international commission, the "Lord Commission", presided over by geographers including Emmanuel de Martonne and Robert Ficheux, and historians Robert William Seton-Watson and Ernest Denis. The border was set by the Treaty of Trianon which was signed on 4 June 1920.[1][2]
The border has been stable since the end of the Second World War, when it received its current shape, and is no longer officially in dispute between the countries. In the current form, the border is about 448 kilometers long, or about 278 miles. It is demarcated by pillars, and about 20 kilometers of the border are marked by the Mureș River (”Maros” in Hungarian).[3]
At the moment, the border is an internal border of the European Union, having once been an external border until Hungary's accession to the alliance on May 1, 2004. Romania followed suit, and became a member state of the European Union on January 1, 2007. Both countries later joined the Schengen Area (Hungary on December 21, 2007 and Romania on January 1, 2025), easing travel between the two. [4]
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History
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Prior to World War I, the eastern and southern Carpathian Mountains formed a natural border between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Romania.[5]
Hungary and Romania became belligerents in World War I as Romania entered the war in 1916 on the side of the Allies. During that war the part of Transylvania south of the Maros (Mureș) and east of the Szamos (Someș) had been occupied by Romania forces at the time of the cease-fire agreement of Belgrade signed on 13 November 1918.[6] On 1 December 1918, the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia declared union with the Kingdom of Romania. Subsequently, the Romanian forces moved further into Hungary and occupied Budapest from August to mid-November 1919.[7]
The Treaty of Trianon finalized the armistice between the Allies and Hungary.[8] In the treaty Romania recovered all of Transylvania (including parts of Maramureș, Banat and Crișana),[9][10]
Briefly during World War II, Northern Transylvania (including part of Maramureș and Crișana) was returned to Hungary under the Second Vienna Award in 1940.[11][12] In 1944 as World War II drew to a close and Romania joined the war against Germany, the Allies agreed de facto to the Trianon boundaries, and this was confirmed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1946, and by the subsequent peace treaties formalized in 1947.[12][13]
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Geography
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The Hungarian–Romanian border begins at a tripoint located in the historical region of the Banat, 15 km (9.3 mi) south-east of the Hungarian town of Szeged, where the border between Hungary and Serbia intersects the land border between Romania and Serbia. It generally runs south-south-westwards/north-north-eastwards across the Pannonian Basin to another tripoint located on the Tur river, 16 km (9.9 mi) north of the Romanian town of Satu Mare, where the Hungarian-Ukrainian border intersects the land border between Romania and Ukraine.
Counties along the border
Both countries use counties as the second form of administrative division. Four Hungarian and four Romanian counties sit along the border.
Hungarian counties
From north to south, the Hungarian counties bordering Romania are:
- Szabolcs–Szatmár–Bereg, bordering the Romanian counterparts Satu Mare and Bihor (narrowly) counties.
- Hajdú–Bihar, bordering the Romanian counterpart Bihor county.
- Békés, bordering the Romanian counterparts Bihor and Arad counties almost evenly.
- Csongrád-Csanád, bordering the Romanian counterparts Arad (narrowly) and Timiș counties.
Romanian counties
From north to south, the Romanian counties bordering Hungary are:
- Satu Mare, bordering the Hungarian counterpart Szabolcs–Szatmár–Bereg county
- Bihor, bordering the Hungarian counterparts Szabolcs–Szatmár–Bereg (narrowly), Hajdú–Bihar and Békés counties.
- Arad, bordering the Hungarian counterparts Békés and Csongrád-Csanád (narrowly) counties.
- Timiș, bordering the Hungarian counterpart Csongrád-Csanád county.
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Border crossings
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Hungarian and Romanian boundary markers
Road
Rail
All railway crossings are standard gauge. As of June 2019, all railway crossings have passenger traffic.
- Tiborszállás – Carei; last train: 9 December 2023
- Nyírábrány – Valea lui Mihai
- Biharkeresztes – Episcopia Bihor; electrified 25 kV 50 Hz
- Kötegyán – Salonta
- Lőkösháza – Curtici; electrified 25 kV 50 Hz, double-track line
See also
References
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