Hydrocotyle

Hydrocotyle, also called floating pennywort,^[5] water pennywort,^[6] dollar weed, marsh penny, thick-leaved pennywort and white rot,^[7] is a genus of prostrate, perennial^[8] aquatic or semi-aquatic plants formerly classified in the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae.^[3]

Hydrocotyle
Hydrocotyle bowlesioides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Araliaceae
Subfamily:	Hydrocotyloideae
Genus:	Hydrocotyle L.[1][2][3]
Synonyms[4]
Catepha Lesch. ex Rchb. Chondrocarpus Nutt. Glyceria Nutt. Hidrocotile Neck., orth. var. Neosciadium Domin

Description

Water pennyworts, Hydrocotyles, are very common.^{[clarification needed]} They have long creeping stems that often form dense mats, often in and near ponds, lakes, rivers, and marshes,^[6] and some species in coastal areas by the sea.^[9][10]

Leaves

Simple, with small leafy outgrowth at the base, kidney shaped to round. Leaf edges are scalloped. The leaf surfaces of Hydrocotyle are prime grounds for oviposition of many butterfly species, such as Anartia fatima.

Flowers

Flower clusters are simple and flat-topped or rounded. Involucral bracts at the base of each flower. Indistinct sepals.

• 
  Flowering Hydrocotyle leucocephala
• 
  Flowering Hydrocotyle vulgaris

Fruits and reproduction

Elliptical to round with thin ridges and no oil tubes (vitta) which is characteristic in the fruit of umbelliferous plants.^[8]

The prostrate plants reproduce by seed and by sending roots from stem nodes.^[11]

Selected species

Main article: List of Hydrocotyle species

There are over 280 species recognised in the genus Hydrocotyle that grow in tropical and temperate regions worldwide.^[8] A few species have entered the world of cultivated ornamental aquatics.^[12] A list of selected species:^{[1][2][3][13][14][15][16]}

• Hydrocotyle americana — American marshpennywort
• Hydrocotyle bonariensis — largeleaf pennywort
• Hydrocotyle bowlesioides — largeleaf marshpennywort
• Hydrocotyle heteromeria — waxweed
• Hydrocotyle geraniifolia
• Hydrocotyle hexagona
• Hydrocotyle hirta
• Hydrocotyle hitchcockii
• Hydrocotyle javanica
• Hydrocotyle laxiflora
• Hydrocotyle leucocephala — Brazilian pennywort
• Hydrocotyle moschata — musky marshpennywort
• Hydrocotyle phoenix — fire pennywort
• Hydrocotyle prolifera — whorled marshpennywort
• Hydrocotyle pusilla — tropical marshpennywort
• Hydrocotyle ranunculoides — floating marshpennywort, floating marshpennywort, floating pennyroyal
• Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides — lawn marshpennywort
• Hydrocotyle tambalomaensis
• Hydrocotyle tripartita
• Hydrocotyle umbellata — manyflower marshpennywort, umbrella pennyroyal
• Hydrocotyle verticillata — whorled marshpennywort, whorled marshpennywort, whorled pennyroyal
• Hydrocotyle vulgaris — marsh pennywort, common pennywort
• Hydrocotyle yanghuangensis

Distribution

Hydrocotyleae grow in wet and damp places in the tropics and the temperate zones.^[8]

Fossil record

One fossil fruit of a Hydrocotyle sp. has been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.^[17]