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Hydrolysis constant

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The word hydrolysis is applied to chemical reactions in which a substance reacts with water. In organic chemistry, the products of the reaction are usually molecular, being formed by combination with H and OH groups (e.g., hydrolysis of an ester to an alcohol and a carboxylic acid). In inorganic chemistry, the word most often applies to cations forming soluble hydroxide or oxide complexes with, in some cases, the formation of hydroxide and oxide precipitates.

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Metal hydrolysis and associated equilibrium constant values

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Perspective

The hydrolysis reaction for a hydrated metal ion in aqueous solution can be written as:

p Mz+ + q H2O ⇌ Mp(OH)q(pz–q) + q H+

and the corresponding formation constant as:

and associated equilibria can be written as:

MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + z H+ ⇌ Mz+ + (z–x) H2O
MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + x H2O ⇌ Mz+ + z OH
p MOx(OH)z–2x(s) + (pz–q) H+ ⇌ Mp(OH)q(pz–q) + (pz–px–q) H2O

Aluminium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Americium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, NIST46 ...

Americium(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Antimony(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Antimony(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Arsenic(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Arsenic(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer ...

Barium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Berkelium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Beryllium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Bismuth

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Boron

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Cadmium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Calcium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Californium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Cerium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Chromium(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K (The divalent state is unstable in water, producing hydrogen whilst being oxidised to a higher valency state (Baes and Mesmer, 1976). The reliability of the data is in doubt.):

More information Reaction, NIST46 ...

Chromium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Chromium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Cobalt(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Cobalt(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Copper(I)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Copper(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Curium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Dysprosium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Erbium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Europium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Gadolinium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Gallium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information ...

Germanium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Gold(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Hafnium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

*Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. Strongly suggested to refer to the original papers.

Holmium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Indium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Iridium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Iron(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Iron(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Lanthanum

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Lead(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Lead(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Feitknecht and Schindler, 1963 ...

Lithium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Magnesium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Manganese(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Perrin et al., 1969 ...

Manganese(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Mercury(I)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

(a) 0.5 M HClO4

Mercury(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Molybdenum(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, T = 298.15 K and I = 3 M NaClO4 (a) or 0.1 M Na+ medium, Data at I = 0 are not available (b):

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Neodymium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Neptunium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Neptunium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Neptunium(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Neptunium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Nickel(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Feitknecht and Schindler, 1963 ...

Niobium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Osmium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, I = 0.1 M and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Galbács et al., 1983 ...

Osmium(VIII)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Galbács et al., 1983 ...

(a) At I = 0.1 M (b) At I = 2.5 M

Palladium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Perrin et al., 1969 ...

Plutonium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Plutonium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Plutonium(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Plutonium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Potassium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Praseodymium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Radium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Nordstrom et al., 1990 ...

Rhodium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Perrin et al., 1969 ...

Samarium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Scandium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Selenium(–II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Olin et al., 2015 ...

Selenium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Selenium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Silicon

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Silver

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Sodium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Strontium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Tantalum

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Tellurium(-II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Filella and May, 2019a ...

(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Tellurium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Tellurium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Terbium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Thallium(I)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Thallium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

(a) The number of significant figures are retained to minimise propagation of round-off errors; they should not be taken to indicate the relative uncertainty of the values, which is always at least one order of magnitude less than indicated.

Thorium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Thulium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Tin(II)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Feitknecht, 1963 ...

Tin(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Hummel et al., 2002 ...

Tungsten

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, NIST46 ...

Titanium(III)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Perrin et al., 1969 ...

Titanium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Uranium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Uranium(VI)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Vanadium(IV)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Brown and Ekberg, 2016 ...

Vanadium(V)

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Ytterbium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Yttrium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Zinc

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

Zirconium

Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:

More information Reaction, Baes and Mesmer, 1976 ...

*Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. It is strongly suggested to refer to the original papers.

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