Hydrotherosaurus

Hydrotherosaurus (meaning "fisherman lizard") is an extinct genus of elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian stage) Moreno Formation of Fresno County, California, USA. The only known species, H. alexandrae, was named for Annie Montague Alexander in 1943 by Samuel Paul Welles.

Hydrotherosaurus Temporal range: Maastrichtian, ~72.1–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Restoration
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	†Sauropterygia
Order:	†Plesiosauria
Superfamily:	†Plesiosauroidea
Family:	†Elasmosauridae
Genus:	†Hydrotherosaurus Welles, 1943
Species:	†H. alexandrae
Binomial name
†Hydrotherosaurus alexandrae Welles, 1943

Discovery and naming

The first remains of Hydrotherosaurus to be found were several vertebrae discovered by Frank C. Paiva on his own property in the Panoche Hills of Fresno County, California, which were taken to Berkeley in the spring of 1937 by W. M. Tucker, who was the Chairman of the Department of Geology of Fresno State College. Afterwards, Fresno State College and the University of California Museum of Paleontology organized a joint expedition which would uncover a nearly complete fossilized skeleton of the animal, with only parts of the skull, shoulder girdle, flippers and certain vertebral elements missing. This specimen, designated UCMP 33912, was collected in a ravine on the property of the Sun Ray Gypsum Mine, about 22 miles west of Mendota, California, and the deposits from which it originates are part of the Moreno Formation.^[1] After being excavated, UCMP 33912 was mounted for display, first at the Golden Gate International Exposition,^[2] then at the University of California Berkeley, where it remained until being put into storage in the 1960s.^[3]

In 1943, American paleontologist Samuel Paul Welles found that the specimen was notably different from other known plesiosaurs and declared it as the type specimen of a new genus and species which he named Hydrotherosaurus alexandrae. The generic name means "fisherman lizard", while the specific name honors Annie Montague Alexander, who has done plenty of research on the vertebrates of the western United States.^[1][4]

Description

Size comparison

Hydrotherosaurus was a medium-sized plesiosaur, measuring approximately 7.8–8 metres (25.6–26.2 ft) long.^[5][6] It has one of the longest necks relative to total length among elasmosaurids, with 60 vertebrae in total.^[7] It had a small head that measured about 33 centimetres (13 in; 1.08 ft) long, a streamlined body, and four large flippers that were specially designed to help the huge animal balance, move, and accelerate itself.^[1] Like other elasmosaurs, Hydrotherosaurus is thought to have been an active, fish-eating animal.^[4]

Classification

The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of Hydrotherosaurus within Elasmosauridae:^[8]

Elasmosauridae

Callawayasaurus Eromangasaurus Wapuskanectes Speeton Clay plesiosaur Euelasmosaurida Lagenanectes Traskasaura Nakonanectes Libonectes Jucha Fluvionectes Thalassomedon Styxosaurus Elasmosaurinae Terminonatator Albertonectes Elasmosaurus Zarafasaura Cardiocorax Weddellonectia Tuarangisaurus Futabasaurus Chubutinectes Aphrosaurus Hydrotherosaurus Morenosaurus Vegasaurus Kawanectes Marambionectes Aristonectinae Wunyelfia Aristonectes parvidens Aristonectes quiriquinensis Kaiwhekea MLP 99 XII 1 5 Alexandronectes Morturneria

See also

• paleontology portal

• List of plesiosaur genera
• Timeline of plesiosaur research