Hyperforeignism

A hyperforeignism is a type of hypercorrection where speakers identify an inaccurate pattern in loanwords from a foreign language and then apply that pattern to other loanwords (either from the same language or a different one).^[1] This results in a pronunciation of those loanwords which does not reflect the rules of either language.^[2] For example, the ⟨n⟩ in habanero is pronounced as [n] in Spanish, but English-speakers often pronounce it as /nj/, as if the word were spelled habañero.^[3] The reason is that English speakers are familiar with Spanish loanwords such as piñata and jalapeño, and incorrectly assume that all (or most) Spanish words have [ɲ] in place of [n].

Hyperforeignisms can manifest in a number of ways, including the application of the spelling or pronunciation rules of one language to a word borrowed from another;^[4] an incorrect application of a language's pronunciation; and pronouncing loanwords as though they were borrowed more recently, ignoring an already established naturalized pronunciation. Hyperforeignisms may similarly occur when a word is thought to be a loanword from a particular language when it is not.

Intentional hyperforeignisms can be used for comedic effect, such as pronouncing Report with a silent ⟨t⟩ in The Colbert Report or pronouncing Target as /tɑːrˈʒeɪ/ tar-ZHAY, as though it were an upscale boutique.^[5] This form of hyperforeignism is a way of poking fun at those who earnestly adopt foreign-sounding pronunciations of pseudo-loanwords.^[6]

English

In English, hyperforeignisms are seen in loanwords from many different languages. Many are isolated examples, showing a particular pattern applied to multiple words and phrases, though some patterns can be identified.

Replacement with postalveolar fricatives /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ is one common mark of hyperforeignisms in English. This leads to pronouncing

• smörgåsbord (with an initial [s] in Swedish) as /ˈʃmɔːrɡəzbɔːrd/,
• parmesan (from French [paʁməzɑ̃]) as /ˈpɑːrməʒɑːn/ in US English.^[7] The cheese itself is Italian, so this pronunciation may also have been influenced by the Italian word for the cheese, parmigiano, in which the g is an affricate ([parmiˈdʒaːno])
• Mandarin Chinese names like Beijing (with [tɕ], which sounds like [dʒ] to English speakers) with /ʒ/: /beɪˈʒɪŋ/.^[2][8]

Another pattern is substituting aspects of the pronunciation of a loan word with elements learned from other languages; for example, pronouncing forte (strong point) as /ˈfɔːrteɪ/ as if it were the Italian forte (the basis for forte, the musical notation for "loud") instead of the French pronunciation, which is close to that of the English word fort.

Dutch words

In Dutch, the letter combination ⟨sch⟩ represents [sx] at the beginning of a syllable, and [s] at the end. However, most English speakers pronounce Dutch words such as Rooibosch and veldschoen with /ʃ/, following the pronunciation rules for German spelling. In contrast, certain well-established Dutch surnames and place names in the United States that date to colonial times, such as Schuyler, have ⟨sch⟩ pronounced /sk/, which is closer to the Dutch pronunciation.

The Dutch cluster /sx/ is not present in English phonology, and is found difficult by most native speakers,^{[citation needed]} so that some level of shift from the Dutch pronunciation is inevitable.

French words

A number of words of French origin feature a final ⟨e⟩ that is pronounced in English but silent in the original language. For example, the noun cache is sometimes pronounced /kæʃeɪ/, as though it were spelled either ⟨cachet⟩ (meaning "seal" or "signature") or ⟨caché⟩ (meaning "hidden"). In French, the final ⟨e⟩ is silent and the word is pronounced [kaʃ]. The word cadre is sometimes pronounced /ˈkɑːdreɪ/ in English, as though it were of Spanish origin. In French, the final ⟨e⟩ is silent [kadʁ] and a common English pronunciation is /ˈkɑːdrə/.^[9]

Legal English is replete with words derived from Norman French, which for a long time was the language of the courts in England and Wales. The correct pronunciation of Norman French is often closer to a natural contemporary English reading than to modern French: the attempt to pronounce these phrases as if they were modern French could therefore be considered to be a hyperforeignism. For example, the clerk's summons "Oyez!" ("Attention!") is commonly pronounced ending in a consonant, /s/ or /z/.^[10]

A common pattern is pronouncing French loanwords without a word-final /r/, as with derrière, peignoir, and répertoire.^[11] Yet at once, this is a normal pronunciation in French vernacular of North America (both Canadian French and Acadian French, by opposition with Metropolitan French probably used for making this comparison): /r/ is optional as word ending, whereas the vowel just in front of it is always long, contrasting with vowels being almost always short in word-ending positions.^[12]

Another common pattern, influenced by French morphophonology, is the omission of word-final consonants. Hyperforeign application of this tendency occurs with omission of these consonants in words with final consonants that are pronounced in French. This occurs notably in the term coup de grâce, in which some speakers omit the final consonant /s/, although it is pronounced in French as [ku də ɡʁɑs]; omitting this consonant instead sounds like coup de gras, meaning a nonsensical "blow of fat."^[9][13] Other examples of this include Vichyssoise,^[9] the chess term en prise, prix fixe, sous-vide and mise en scène. There are many instances of this sort of omission connected with proper nouns. Some speakers may omit pronouncing a final /z/ or /s/ in names such as Saint-Saëns, Duras, Boulez, and Berlioz, though these words are pronounced in French with a final [s] or [z].

The Norman French language furthermore gave Southern England some ancient family names that were once associated with the aristocracy. An example is Lestrange which is sometimes pronounced with its natural and contemporaneous French inflection, though it is more often pronounced like the English word strange, /lɛˈstreɪndʒ/.

Speakers of American English typically pronounce lingerie /ˌlɒndʒəˈreɪ/,^[9] depressing the first vowel of the French [lɛ̃ʒʁi] to sound more like a typical French nasal vowel, and rhyming the final syllable with English ray, by analogy with the many French loanwords ending in ⟨é⟩, ⟨er⟩, ⟨et⟩, and ⟨ez⟩, which rhyme with ray in English. Similarly, the French-derived term repartie (/rəpɑːrˈtiː/, "rejoinder") was changed to English spelling ⟨repartee⟩ ("banter"), giving rise to a hyperforeign /rəpɑːrˈteɪ/.

Claret is often pronounced /klæˈreɪ/, without a final /t/. However, it is historically an Anglicised (and genericised) version of the original French clairet, with the ⟨t⟩ more typically being pronounced and the stress falling on the first syllable: /ˈklærət/.

Moët, a brand of French champagne, is often pronounced with a silent T. However, the name is Dutch, and its native pronunciation is [moɛt] moh-ET.^[14] Similarly, another winemaker, Freixenet is also pronounced with its T as [fɾəʃəˈnɛt] in the original Catalan.

Hindi words

The ⟨j⟩ in the name of the Taj Mahal or raj is often rendered /ʒ/, but a closer approximation to the Hindi sound is /dʒ/.^[2] The ⟨j⟩ in most words associated with languages of India is more accurately approximated as /dʒ/.

Italian words

The ⟨g⟩ in Adagio may be realized as /ʒ/, even though the soft ⟨g⟩ of Italian represents an affricate [dʒ].^[2]

The name of the principal male character in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew is spelled ⟨Petruchio⟩, intended to be the Italian name Petruccio [peˈtruttʃo], reflecting more conventional English pronunciation rules that use ⟨ch⟩ to represent /tʃ/. However, the name is commonly pronounced /pɛˈtruːkioʊ/, as though Shakespeare's spelling was genuinely Italian.

Substituting baristo for a male barista, when in fact barista is invariable in gender in Italian and Spanish (as are other words ending in the suffix -ista) is a hyperforeignism. In Italian (and Spanish), the gender is indicated by the article; il (el) barista for a male and la barista for a female.

The word latte ("milk"), as in caffè latte, is often spelled ⟨latté⟩ or ⟨lattè⟩ to clarify that the e is pronounced, in analogy with French words such as frappé [fraˈpe] where there is such an accent mark.

Italian ⟨sch⟩, as in maraschino, bruschetta, or the brand name Freschetta, is often pronounced as English [ʃ] rather than the correct [sk], due to greater familiarity with the German pronunciation of ⟨sch⟩.

Mandarin Chinese words

The ⟨j⟩ in Beijing and mahjong is often rendered as [ʒ], but a closer approximation to the Mandarin sound is [dʒ]. The Pinyin letter j is pronounced [tɕ] or [dʑ].

Russian words

Because the Russian loanword dacha (дача [ˈdatɕə]) looks like it could be German, the pronunciation /ˈdɑːxə/, with a velar fricative, shows an attempt at marking a word as foreign, but with a sound not originally present in the source word.^[15] The more common pronunciation is /ˈdɑːtʃə/, which sounds closer to the original Russian word.

Spanish words

The digraph ⟨ch⟩ of Spanish generally represents [tʃ], similar to English ⟨ch⟩. Hyperforeign realizations of many Spanish loanwords or proper names may substitute other sounds. Examples include a French-style [ʃ] in the surname Chávez and in Che Guevara, or a German-influenced [x] or Ancient Greek-influenced [k] in machismo.^[2] The ⟨z⟩ in the Spanish word chorizo is sometimes realized as /ts/ by English speakers, reflecting more closely the pronunciation of ⟨z⟩ and ⟨zz⟩ in Italian and Italian loanwords in English. This is not the pronunciation of present-day Spanish, however. Rather, the ⟨z⟩ in chorizo represents [θ] or [s] (depending on dialect) in Spanish.^[16]

Some English speakers pronounce certain words of Spanish origin as if they had an Ñ or Ll when they do not in the original language. For example, the word habanero is pronounced [aβaˈneɾo] (with an /n/) in Spanish. English speakers may instead pronounce it /ˌhɑːbəˈnjɛroʊ/, as if it were spelled ⟨habañero⟩; the phenomenon also occurs with empanada, which may be pronounced as if spelled ⟨empañada⟩. The city of Cartagena, Colombia, is commonly pronounced as if it were ⟨Cartageña⟩.

Other languages

Hyperforeignism may be applied to Native American names, sometimes by the people themselves after the language ceases to be spoken. Chumash, for example, may be pronounced /ˈʃuːmɑːʃ/, as if the Ch were French, though the Chumash pronunciation was an aspirated [tʃʰ] much like an English ch, and Sooke (with a silent e) has been respelled T'Sou-ke, though there is no t or e in the original language.

Polish

Polish loanwords from Japanese are often subject to hyperforeignism. The names of three of the four main islands of Japan, Honsiu, Kiusiu, and Sikoku, are already Polish transcriptions with close approximations of Japanese sounds—[ˈxɔɲɕu], [ˈkʲuɕu], and [ɕiˈkɔku]—but are often pronounced with changing native /ɕ/ into foreign /sj/. Other Japanese words use English-based (Hepburn) transcriptions, which causes further problems.

Phenian, a now obsolete Polish name for Pyongyang, which was a transcription of Russian Пхеньян, is commonly pronounced [ˈfɛɲan], as if ⟨ph⟩ represented the voiceless labiodental fricative (/f/) like in words of Greek origin.

Norwegian

In Norwegian, like in Swedish, entrecôte can be pronounced without the final [t]. This might also happen in pommes frites (french fries), and the [z] is often removed in the pronunciation of Béarnaise sauce.^[17]

Russian

In Russian, many early loanwords are pronounced as native Russian words with full palatalization. Hyperforeignism occurs when some speakers pronounce these early loanwords without palatalization. For example: тема ("theme") is normally pronounced [ˈtʲɛmə]. A hyperforeign pronunciation would be [ˈtɛmə], as if the word were spelled ⟨тэма⟩. Similarly, текст ("text") is pronounced [tʲɛkst], with the hyperforeign pronunciation being [tɛkst], as if it were spelled ⟨тэкст⟩. Other examples include музей ("museum") [muˈzʲej] → [muˈzɛj], газета ("newspaper") [ɡɐˈzʲetə] → [ɡɐˈzɛtə] and эффект ("effect") [ɪfʲˈekt] → [ɪfˈɛkt]. The variation is attributable to the tendency to use ⟨е⟩ in foreign words after a consonant, even if it is not palatalized.

Modern Greek

Several varieties of Greek, such as that spoken in Tyrnavos, may retain front rounded vowels in Turkish loanwords, e.g., dʒüdʒés 'dwarf,' from Turkish cüce^[18]. The loanword baldürs 'vagabond' in the Tyrnavos variety, ultimately from Turkish baldır 'calf' (body part), 'stem' (of a plant) was noted by Brian Joseph as a hyperforeignism, since the pronunciation of the older form baldur from which the word was borrowed could have been more directly adopted into Greek.^[19] Here, the replacement of /u/ with the front rounded vowel /ü/ is done by analogy with other Turkish loanwords.

Italian

Patrizia Giampieri observed that many pseudo-English words can be found in Italian, such as autostop 'hitch-hike' and flipper 'pinball machine.'^[20] Perception of English as a prestige language among some Italian speakers may explain the popularity of hyperforeign vocabulary items such as these.^[21]

See also

• Metal umlaut