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Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni
Aspect of Indo-Aryan language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The ancient Middle Eastern state of Mitanni (modern-day Northeast Syria, Southeastern Turkey, 2nd millennium BCE) used a dialect of Hurrian as its main language. This dialect however contains some loanwords of evidently Indo-Aryan origin, i.e. related to Sanskrit, the ancestor of many modern languages of the Indian subcontinent. The loaned vocabulary seems to be related to an elite group in Mitanni society, as they appear in the names of rulers and gods as well as in relation to horse-breeding and the military (thus forming a so-called superstrate).[2]
 | This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. (April 2020) |
It is thus generally believed that Indo-Aryan peoples settled in Upper Mesopotamia and northern Syria, and established the kingdom of Mitanni following a period of political vacuum, while also adopting Hurrian. This is considered a part of the Indo-Aryan migrations.[3][4][5]
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Linguistic context
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Professor Eva von Dassow concurs with the presence of Indo-Aryan terms in Mitanni vocabulary, but cautiously advises against the notion of an "Indo-Aryan takeover".[6] Michael Witzel argues for the antiquity of the Indo-Aryan words attested in the Mitanni data, since they almost certainly predate linguistic developments attested in the Rigveda.[7]
In a treaty between the Hittites and Mitanni (between Suppiluliuma I and Shattiwaza, c. 1380 BC), the deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya (Ashvins) are invoked. Kikkuli's horse training text (circa 1400 BC) includes technical terms such as aika (Vedic Sanskrit eka, one), tera (tri, three), panza (pañca, five), satta (sapta, seven), na (nava, nine), vartana (vartana, round). The numeral aika "one" is of particular importance because it places the superstrate in the vicinity of Indo-Aryan proper (Vedic Sanskrit eka, with regular contraction of /ai/ to [eː]) as opposed to Indo-Iranian or early Iranian (which has *aiva; compare Vedic eva "only") in general.[8]
A document from Nuzi has babru(-nnu) (babhru, brown), parita(-nnu) (palita, grey), and pinkara(-nnu) (pingala, red) for horse colours. Their chief festival was the celebration of the solstice (vishuva) which was common in most cultures in the ancient world.
The Mitanni warriors were called marya (Hurrian: maria-nnu), the term for '(young) warrior' in Sanskrit as well,[9] formed by adding the Hurrian suffix -nnu;[10] note 'mišta-nnu' (= miẓḍha,~ Sanskrit mīḍha) "payment (for catching a fugitive)".[11]
Sanskritic interpretations of Mitanni names render Artashumara (artaššumara) as Arta-smara "who thinks of Arta/Ṛta",[12] Biridashva (biridašṷa, biriiašṷa) as Prītāśva "whose horse is dear",[13] Priyamazda (priiamazda) as Priyamedha "whose wisdom is dear",[14][15] Citrarata as Citraratha "whose chariot is shining", [16] Indaruda/Endaruta as Indrota "helped by Indra",[17] Shativaza (šattiṷaza) as Sātivāja "winning the race prize",[18] Šubandu as Subandhu "having good relatives" (a name in Palestine[19]), Tushratta (tṷišeratta, tušratta, etc.) as *tṷaišaratha, Vedic Tveṣaratha "whose chariot is vehement". [20]
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Attested words and comparisons
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All of the following examples are from Witzel (2001).[21] For the pronunciation of the sounds transcribed from cuneiform as š and z, see Akkadian language § Consonants and Proto-Semitic language § Fricatives.
Names of people
Names of deities
From treaties of Mitanni.
Horse training
From Kikkuli.
Other lexicon
The following table includes the remaining lexicon, considered to attest horse colours.[22]
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Further reading
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