Iridium(III) chloride

Chemical compound From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Iridium(III) chloride

Iridium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula IrCl3. The anhydrous compound is relatively rare, but the related hydrate is much more commonly encountered. The anhydrous salt has two polymorphs, α and β, which are brown and red colored respectively. More commonly encountered is the hygroscopic dark green trihydrate IrCl3(H2O)3 which is a common starting point for iridium chemistry.[4]

Quick Facts Names, Identifiers ...
Iridium(III) chloride
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Iridium(III) chloride trihydrate
Trihydrate
Names
Other names
Iridium trichloride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.028
EC Number
  • 233-044-6
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3ClH.Ir/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
    Key: DANYXEHCMQHDNX-UHFFFAOYSA-K
  • [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ir+3]
Properties
IrCl3
Molar mass 298.58 g/mol (anhydrous)

316.60 g/mol (hydrate)

Appearance brown solid (α-anhydrous)
red solid (β-anhydrous)
dark green solid (trihydrate)
Density 5.30 g/cm3, solid[1]
Melting point 763 °C (1,405 °F; 1,036 K)[1][2] (decomposes)
insoluble (anhydrous IrCl3), soluble (hydrated derivative)[1]
Solubility Insoluble in HCl and alkanes[1]
14.4·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
Monoclinic, mS16
C12/m1, No. 12
Thermochemistry
−257 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:[3]
GHS07: Exclamation markGHS09: Environmental hazard
Warning
H302, H411
Flash point non-flammable
Related compounds
Other cations
Rhodium(III) chloride
Related compounds
Platinum(II) chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Preparation

Iridium is separated from the other platinum group metals as crystalline ammonium hexachloroiridate, (NH4)2[IrCl6], which can be reduced to iridium metal in a stream of hydrogen. The spongy Ir thus produced reacts with chlorine at 650 °C to give iridium(III) chloride.[5]

Hydrated iridium trichloride is obtained by heating hydrated iridium(III) oxide with hydrochloric acid.[6]

Structure

Like the related rhodium compound, IrCl3 adopts the structure seen for aluminium chloride.[6] This is the monoclinic α polymorph.[7] A rhombohedral β polymorph also exists. Both polymorphs have effectively the same anion lattice but differ in the octahedral interstices the iridium ions occupy.[8] The α polymorph converts to the β polymorph when heated to around 650 °C.[4]

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α-IrCl3
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β-IrCl3
Structures of the forms of iridium(III) chloride
More information Compound, α-IrCl3 ...
Crystallographic data for the 2 polymorphs of iridium(III) chloride
Compound α-IrCl3[7] β-IrCl3[8]
Crystal Structure Monoclinic Orthorhombic
Space Group C2/m Fddd
Lattice constant a (Å) 5.99 6.95
Lattice constant b (Å) 10.37 9.81
Lattice constant c (Å) 5.99 20.82
β 109.4°
Calculated density (g/cm3) 5.33 5.34
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The structure of the trihydrate has not been elucidated yet.

Reactions and uses

Summarize
Perspective

Industrially, most iridium complexes are generated from ammonium hexachloroiridate or the related chloroiridic acid (H2IrCl6). The Cativa process, source of most of the world's acetic acid relies on such catalysts.

Hydrated iridium(III) chloride is used in the for the preparation of other iridium complexes such as Vaska's complex, trans-[IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2].[9] With the presence of the chloride anion, it forms hexachloroiridate(III), and produces hexachloroiridate(IV) in aqua regia. The trihydrate react with ammonia to form ammine complexes, such as pentaamminechloroiridium(III) chloride, formulated [IrCl(NH3)5]Cl2. It also reacts with concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 150 °C to form the fully ammoniated complex, [Ir(NH3)6]Cl3. The hydrate can also form complexes upon reaction with bipyridine, acetonitrile, and pyridine.[4]

Alkene complexes such as cyclooctadiene iridium chloride dimer[10][11] and chlorobis(cyclooctene)iridium dimer[11][10] can also be prepared by heating the hydrate with the appropriate alkene in water/alcohol mixtures.

Decomposition

The trihydrate decomposes to the anhydrous form at 200 °C, which then oxidizes in air at 763 °C to iridium(IV) oxide, which then decomposes to iridium metal at 1070 °C. However, under hydrogen, it is directly reduced at 190 °C to iridium metal:[2][12][13]

2 IrCl3 + 3 H2 → 2 Ir + 6 HCl

Safety

Iridium(III) chloride is not listed under Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC, but is listed in the inventory of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). It is also known as a mild skin and eye-irritating agent.[14]

References

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