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Kamula–Elevala languages
Family of Trans–New Guinea languages From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Kamula–Elevala languages are a small family of the Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the region of the Elevala River.
 | This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{langx}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (December 2021) |
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Languages
There are three languages, namely Aekyowm (Awin), Pare (Pa), and Kamula. They are not obviously related to each other, but Aekyowm and Pare are closer to each other than to Kamula.[2]
- Kamula
- Awin–Pa (Elevala River)
A more in-depth classification by Suter and Usher (2017) is as follows.[2]
- Kamula-Elevala family
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Classification
Stephen Wurm (1975) added Awin and Pa to an expanded Central and South New Guinea branch of TNG, a position reversed by Ross (2005). The connection between Awin–Pa and Kamula was established by Suter & Usher.[3]
Reconstruction
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Phonology
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant and vowel inventories as follows:[1]
There is also the diphthong *ai.
Pronouns
Usher (2020) reconstructs the Awin–Pa pronouns as:[1]
In the 1du, Awin has /ki/ and Pare /ni/, /niki/, /nigi/. The Kamula singular forms are quite similar (na, wa, je), but it does not have the dual.
Vocabulary
Some Proto-Kamula-Elevala lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]
Below are all of the lexical reconstructions of Proto-Kamula-Elevala from Suter and Usher (2017):[2]
Proto-Elevala
Proto-Elevala reconstructions from Suter and Usher (2017):[2]
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Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970),[4] Shaw (1973),[5] and Shaw (1986),[6] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[7]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. kɔ, kro for “bone”) or not (e.g. mɔgɔ, kɛndɔkɛ for “ear”). Notice the very low number of cognate pairs between the two languages.
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Evolution
Proposed Awin–Pa reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:[8]
- kendoke ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k[V]
- khatike ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)
- ndok[V], kare ‘skin’ < *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
- di ‘firewood, fire’ < *inda
- keba ‘head’ < *kV(mb,p)(i,u)tu
- ama ‘mother < *am(a,i)
- di- ‘burn’ < *nj(a,e,i)
Loanwords
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Kamula and Doso
Loanwords between Kamula and Doso:[2]
Aekyom and Ok
Aekyom loanwords from Ok languages:[2]
Kamula and Aramia River
Kamula loanwords from Aramia River languages:[2]
Kamula–Elevala and Awyu–Dumut
Potential cognates between Kamula–Elevala and Awyu–Dumut (Healey 1970[9]):[2]
- Abbreviations
- pAD = proto-Awyu–Dumut
- pA = proto-Awyu
- pD = proto-Dumut
- pKE = proto-Kamula–Elevala
- pK = proto-Kamula
- pE = proto-Elevala
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References
External links
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