Top Qs
Timeline
Chat
Perspective
Karkar language
Eastern Pauwasi language of Papua New Guinea From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Remove ads
The Karkar language, also known as Yuri, is the sole Eastern Pauwasi language of Papua New Guinea. There are about a thousand speakers along the Indonesian border spoken in Green River Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.
 | This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}} or {{langx}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used - notably yuj for Karkar-Yuri. (January 2025) |
Remove ads
Classification
Summarize
Perspective
Karkar-Yuri is not related to any other language in Papua New Guinea, and was therefore long thought to be a language isolate. This is the position of Wurm (1983), Foley (1986), and Ross (2005). However, Timothy Usher noticed that it is transparently related to the Pauwasi languages across the border in Indonesia. Indeed, it may even form a dialect continuum with the Eastern Pauwasi language Emem. This was foreshadowed in non-linguistic literature: a 1940 map shows the 'Enam' (Emem)–speaking area as including the Karkar territory in PNG, and the anthropologist Hanns Peter knew that the Karkar dialect continuum continued across the border into Emem territory.[2]
Pauwasi cognates
Cognates between Karkar-Yuri and the Pauwasi family (Tebi and Zorop languages) listed by Foley (2018):[3]
Remove ads
Dialects
- North Central Yuri dialect, spoken in Yuri village (3.89509°S 141.176452°E), Abaru ward, Green River Rural LLG
- Auia-Tarauwi dialect, spoken in Auia (Auiya) village (3.838611°S 141.138294°E), Auiya 1 ward, Green River Rural LLG; and in Tarauwi (Trowari) village (3.837695°S 141.035174°E), Kambriap ward, Green River Rural LLG
- Usari dialect, spoken in Usari village (3.854202°S 141.148112°E), Auiya 1 ward, Green River Rural LLG
Remove ads
Phonology
Summarize
Perspective
The Karkar inventory is as follows.[6]
Stress assignment is complex, but not phonemic within morphemes. Syllable structure is CVC, assuming nasal–plosive sequences are analyzed as prenasalized consonants.
Vowels
Karkar has a vowel inventory consisting of 11 vowels, which is considered very high for a Papuan language.
There is also one diphthong, ao /ɒɔ/. Vowels are written á /ɐ/, é /ə/, ae /ɛ/, o /ɔ/, ou /o/, ɨ /ɨ/.
Foley (2018) lists the 11 Karkar-Yuri vowels as:[3]: 370
Some vowel height contrasts in Karkar-Yuri (Foley 2018):[3]: 370
- ki ‘yam’
- kɨ ‘loosen’
- ku ‘cut crosswise in half’
- ke ‘edible nut’
- kər ‘put in netbag’
- ko ‘pig’
- kæ ‘egg’
- kʌʔr ‘swamp’
- kɔ ‘again’
- kar ‘speech’
- kɒ ‘bird species’
There are four contrasting central vowel heights:[3]: 370
- kɨr ‘red bird of paradise’ (Paradisaea rubra)
- kər ‘put in net bag’
- kʌʔr ‘swamp’
- kar ‘speech’
Consonants
The rhotics and glottal(ized) consonants do not appear initially in a word, and plain /t/, the approximants, and the labialized consonants do not occur finally. Glottal stop only occurs finally. Final k spirantizes to [x]. Plosives are voiced intervocalically. Intervocalic f and p neutralize to [β] (apart from a few names, where [f] is retained), and intervocalic k is voiced to [ɣ]. Phonemic labialized stops only occur in two words, apwar 'weeds, to weed' and ankwap 'another'. [contradictory] Otherwise consonants are labialized between a rounded and a front vowel, as in pok-ea [pɔɣʷeɑ] 'going up'. In some words, the plosive of a final NC is silent unless suffixed: onomp [ɔnɔm̚] 'my', onompono [ɔnɔmbɔnɔ] 'it's mine'.
Prenasalized and labialized consonant contrasts:[3]: 370
- pi ‘bird tail’, pwi ‘enough’, mporan ‘tomorrow’
- kar ‘voice’, ŋkɔte ‘over there’, kwar ‘ground’, ŋkwakwo ‘many kinds’
Plain and preglottalized sonorants contrasts, which only occur in word finals:[3]: 370
- ərər ‘sore’, ərəʔr ‘dig a hole’
- pan ‘sago flour’, pəʔn ‘blunt’
Remove ads
Writing system
| a | á | ae | ao | e | é | i | ɨ | o | ou | u | f | fw | k | kw | m |
| mw | m | mp | mpw | n | nk | nkw | nt | p | pw | r | s | t | w | y |
Pronouns
Pronouns listed by Ross (2005):
Object forms take -an, sometimes replacing the -o: onan, amoan, man, yinan, námoan, yumoan. Mao is a demonstrative 'that one, those'; it contrasts with nko, nkoan 'the other one(s)'.
Pronouns listed by Foley (2018) are:[3]
Remove ads
Vocabulary
Below are some basic vocabulary words in Karkar-Yuri.[3]
Karkar-Yuri basic vocabulary ‘I’ ɔn ‘you (sg)’ am ‘we’ nəm (incl) / yin (excl) ‘belly’ yare ‘bird’ ant ‘black’ yəkəre ‘blood’ yəri ‘breast’ mɔm ‘come’ koʔrop ‘eat’ fɨr ‘eye’ yi ‘foot’ pu ‘give’ səp ‘good’ kwapwe ‘hand’ yæ ‘head’ me ‘hear’ wao ‘house’ nap ‘louse’ yəʔmər ‘man’ arɔp ‘mosquito’ təʔnkarəp ‘name’ e ‘road’ mwæ ‘root’ arak ‘sand’ kaʔrək ‘tooth’ yu ‘tree’ yao ‘water’ ənt ‘who’ wao ‘one’ ankər ‘two’ anənk
Remove ads
Further reading
- Price, Dorothy and Veda Rigden. 1988. Karkar-Yuri – English Dictionary. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Rigden, Veda n.d. Karkar grammar essentials. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG.
References
Wikiwand - on
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Remove ads