Kitanemuk language

Kitanemuk is an extinct Northern Uto-Aztecan language of the Serran branch. It is very closely related to Serrano, and may have been a dialect. Before its extinction, it was spoken in the San Gabriel Mountains and foothill environs of Southern California. The last speakers, Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran, lived some time in the 1940s, though the last fieldwork was carried out in 1937. J. P. Harrington took copious notes in 1916 and 1917, however, which allowed for a fairly detailed knowledge of the language.

Kitanemuk
Native to	United States
Region	Southern California
Ethnicity	Kitanemuk
Extinct	1940s
Language family	Uto-Aztecan Northern Uto-Aztecan Takic Serran Kitanemuk
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	kita1252
Map of Takic languages. Kitanemuk is to the northwest of Serrano.
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Morphology

Kitanemuk is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonant phonemes of Kitanemuk, as reconstructed by Anderton (1988) based on Harrington's field notes, were (with some standard Americanist phonetic notation in ⟨angle brackets⟩:

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
				plain	labio.
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Plosive	p	t		k	kʷ	ʔ
Affricate		ts ⟨c⟩	tʃ ⟨č⟩
Fricative	v	s	ʃ ⟨š⟩			h
Rhotic		r
Approximant		l	j ⟨y⟩		w

Word-finally, h becomes [r], and all voiced consonants become voiceless before other voiceless consonants or word-finally.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

See also

• Population of Native California
• Native American history of California
• Classification of Native Americans in California

References

• Anderton, Alice J. (1988). The Language of the Kitanemuks of California. PhD. diss., University of California, Los Angeles.
• Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

External links

• Four Directions Institute: Kitanemuk^[usurped]
• Native Languages: Kitanemuk
• Kitanemuk language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• Papers of John P. Harrington, Part 3, Southern California/Basin, OLAC Open Language Archive

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