Kokel culture

51.458104°N 91.103251°E / 51.458104; 91.103251

Kokel Culture

Kokel 300 Xianbei Tashtyk Kokel Khotan Gaoju Turks CHAM- PA Sargat HYMYAR JIN DYNASTY GOGU- RYEO WESTERN SATRAPS VAKA- TAKAS KUSHANO- SASANIANS LITTLE KUSHANS XIONITES KANGJU SASANIAN EMPIRE ROMAN EMPIRE HUNS FUNAN Jushi TOCHARIANS TUYUHUN Paleo-Siberians Samoyeds Tungus MEROË AKSUM The Kokel Culture and contemporary cultures and polities circa 300 CE
Geographical range	South Siberia
Dates	2nd to 5th century CE
Major sites	Tunnug, Shurmak, Syyn-Churek, Katylyg
Preceded by	Aldy-Bel culture, Pazyryk culture, Tagar culture, Xiongnu Empire
Followed by	First Turkic Khaganate

The Kokel Culture (1st-5th centuries CE) is a post-Xiongnu culture, from Southern Siberia, in what is now the modern-day Tuva Republic.^[1] This culture is located temporally in the interval between the fall of the Xiongnu Empire (2nd century CE) and the rise of the First Turkic Khaganate (6th century CE).^[2] In Russian archaeology, it is considered as belonging to the "Hunno-Sarmatian period" (2nd century BCE and 5th century CE).^[3]

The Kokel culture has also been named "Syyn-Churek culture", or "Shurmak culture", based on the names of the sites of various archaeological discoveries.^[4]

Carbon dates for the Kokel sites generally range from the 2nd to the 4th centuries CE.^[5]

Kokel culture graves (2nd-4th century CE) tend to be found in conjunction with earlier graves of the Early Iron Age (9th century BCE-) Saka cultures, and the later graves of the Turkic period (5th century CE-).^[6]

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  Sites of the Kokel culture, just north of the frontier with Mongolia
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  Kokel Culture cemetery, next to the Saka Arzhan tumulus at Tunnug 1, Tuva Republic.^[1]
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  Kokel culture gold artifacts from Tunnug 1
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  Arrowheads found in the skeletal remains of people of the Kokel culture
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  Kokel culture iron and ceramic vessels