Lapilli

Lapilli (sg.: lapillus) is a size classification of tephra, which is material that falls out of the air during a volcanic eruption or during some meteorite impacts.^[1] Lapilli is Latin for "little stones". It can consist of fresh pumice or scoria, lithic fragments or as Accretionary lapilli.

Lapilli on Kilauea

By definition lapilli range from 2 to 64 mm (0.08 to 2.52 in) in diameter.^[2] A pyroclastic particle greater than 64 mm in diameter is known as a volcanic bomb when molten, or a volcanic block when solid. Pyroclastic material with particles less than 2 mm in diameter is referred to as volcanic ash.^[3][4]

Formation

Lapilli are usually irregular or angular in shape due to violent magma fragmentation but can be spherical, teardrop, dumbbell, or button shaped droplets if more fluid. They are typically molten or partially molten lava ejected from a volcanic eruption that fall to earth as solid or partially molten rock. Lapilli that forms from this process usually becomes pumice if felsic or scoria if mafic. These granules are the direct result of liquid rock cooling as it travels through the air. Country rock can also be accidentally blasted out during an eruption and can fall into lapilli size category.

Lapilli tuffs are a very common form of volcanic rock typical of rhyolite, andesite and dacite pyroclastic eruptions, where thick layers of lapilli can be deposited during a basal surge eruption. Most lapilli tuffs which remain in ancient terrains are formed by the accumulation and welding of semi-molten lapilli into what is known as a welded tuff. If an eruption is unusually rich in pumice, it can become a type of pumiceous lapilli tuff or if from a pyroclastic flow, an Ignimbrite.

The heat of the newly deposited volcanic pile tends to cause the semi-molten material to flatten out and then become welded. Welded tuff textures are distinctive (termed eutaxitic), with flattened lapilli, fiamme, blocks and bombs forming oblate to discus-shaped forms within layers. These rocks are quite indurated and tough, as opposed to non-welded lapilli tuffs, which are unconsolidated and easily eroded.

Accretionary lapilli

Accretionary lapilli in the Mesoproterozoic Stac Fada Member of the Torridonian, of probable impact origin

Rounded balls of tephra are called accretionary lapilli if they consist of layered volcanic ash particles. Accretionary lapilli are formed by a process of wet ash aggregation due to moisture in volcanic clouds that sticks the particles together, with the volcanic ash nucleating on some object and then accreting to it in layers before the accretionary lapillus falls from the cloud. Accretionary lapilli are like volcanic hailstones that form by the addition of concentric layers of moist ash around a central nucleus.

This texture can be confused with spherulitic and axiolitic texture.

Armoured (or cored) lapilli

These lapilli are a variety of accretionary lapilli, though they contain lithic or crystal cores coated by rinds of coarse to fine ash. Armoured lapilli only form in hydroclastic eruptions, where significant moisture is present. The vapour column contains cohesive ash which sticks to particles within it.

See also

• Tuff
• Scoria
• Rock microstructure