Level I BASIC

Level I BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language that shipped with the first TRS-80, the TRS-80 Model I.

Level I BASIC
Designed by	Steve Leininger
First appeared	1977
Influenced by
Tiny BASIC, Palo Alto Tiny BASIC
Influenced
TRS-80 Level II BASIC

Background

Tandy employee Steve Leininger wrote the first draft of the NIBL (National Industrial Basic Language) BASIC interpreter for the SC/MP while employed at National Semiconductor .^[1] Unable to take that source code with him, he initially hired a consultant to write an interpreter. When the consultant failed to deliver,^[2] Leininger, Don French, and BASIC manual author David A. Lien^[3] adapted Li-Chen Wang's public domain version of Tiny BASIC for the prototype TRS-80 Model I. Leininger said, "we went back through the Wang Basic and completely tore out about 60 per cent of it, the integer overhead and all that kind of stuff".^[4] The result required only 2 KB of memory for the interpreter, leaving an average of another 2 KB free for user programs in common 4 KB memory layouts of early machines.

During a demonstration to executives, Tandy Corporation President Charles Tandy tried to enter his salary but was unable to do so, because Tiny BASIC uses 2-byte signed integers with a maximum value of 32,767. The result was a request for floating-point math for the production version.^[5] This led to the replacement of the existing 16-bit integer code with a version using 32-bit single-precision floating-point numbers. Leininger further extended the language to support input/output routines (keyboard, CRT, and reading and writing from cassettes). The language fits within 4 KB of ROM.^[6]

Further Development

When the TRS-80 was introduced, three versions of BASIC were announced:

• Level I BASIC
• Level II BASIC - developed by Microsoft and using 12 KB of ROM to add string handling, error handling, trigonometric and other dedicated functions
• Level III BASIC - also developed by Microsoft, offering disk commands^[7]

The Level I language was not available for the TRS-80 Model II but briefly re-surfaced as the baseline package for the TRS-80 Model III in 1981, selling for $699 compared to the $999 system with Model III BASIC (another Microsoft product). The language was identical to the Model I version but with the addition of two commands, the LLIST and the LPRINT, to output to a printer.^[8]

Language features

Level I BASIC supports the following keywords:^[9]

• Commands: NEW, RUN, LIST, CLOAD, CSAVE, CONT (to continue or resume a program from a breakpoint)
• Statements: PRINT, INPUT, READ, DATA, RESTORE, LET, REM
• Print modifiers: AT, TAB
• Structure: GOTO, GOSUB, ON-GOTO, ON-GOSUB, RETURN, IF-THEN (but no ELSE), FOR-TO-STEP/NEXT, STOP, END
• Graphics: CLS, SET, RESET, POINT()
• Functions: ABS(), INT(), RND(), MEM
• Math: + - * /
• Relational operators: < > = <= => <>
• Logical operators: * (AND) + (OR)

Like Palo Alto Tiny BASIC on which it was based, Level I BASIC does not tokenize keywords like Microsoft BASIC but uses abbreviations to reduce the amount of memory used by keywords, such as F. for FOR, G. for GOTO, P. for PRINT, and T. for THEN.

The language supports 26 single-precision variables A to Z, two strings A$ and B$ (limited to 16 characters each), and one pre-defined array A(). The language lacks a DIM statement for dimensioning the array, the size of which is determined by available memory not used by the program listing (4 bytes per item).^[10] As the language lacks many common math functions, the manual provides subroutine listings for square root, exponentiation, exponentials, logarithms, arithmetic sign, and trigonometry functions.^[11]

Graphics support is minimal: CLS, for CLear Screen; SET(X,Y), which lights a location on the display; RESET(X,Y), which turns it off; and POINT(X,Y), which returns 1 if a location was lit, 0 if it was not. The coordinates can be any expression and ranges from 0 to 127 for the X-axis and 0 to 47 for the Y-axis. Only black-and-white display is supported.^[12]