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Libellulidae
Family of dragonflies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The chasers, darters, skimmers, and perchers and their relatives form the Libellulidae, the largest family of dragonflies.[2] It is sometimes considered to contain the Corduliidae as the subfamily Corduliinae and the Macromiidae as the subfamily Macromiinae. Even if these are excluded (as Silsby does), there remains a family of over 1000 species. With nearly worldwide distribution, these are the most commonly encountered dragonflies.
The genus Libellula is mostly New World but also has one of the few endangered odonates from Japan: Libellula angelina. Many of the members of this genus are brightly colored or have banded wings. The related genus Plathemis includes the whitetails. The genus Celithemis contains several brightly marked species in the southern United States. Members of the genus Sympetrum are called darters (or meadowhawks in North America) and are found throughout most of the world, except Australia. Several tropical species in the genera Trithemis and Zenithoptera are considered to be especially beautiful. Other common genera include Tramea and Pantala.
Libellulids have stout-bodied larvae with the lower lip or labium developed into a mask over the lower part of the face.
The earliest record of the family is the fossil genus †Palaeolibellula Fleck, Nel & Martinez-Delclos, 1999 from the Turonian of Kazakhstan, which appears to represent a stem-member of the family.[3][4]
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Etymology
The family name may have been derived from the Latin libella which means "booklet".
Genera
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The Libelluidae contain these genera:
- Acisoma Rambur, 1842 – pintails
- Aethiothemis Martin, 1908
- Aethriamanta Kirby, 1889
- Agrionoptera Brauer, 1864
- Amphithemis Selys, 1891
- Anatya Kirby, 1889
- Anectothemis Fraser, 1954
- Antidythemis Kirby, 1889
- Archaeophlebia Ris, 1909
- Argyrothemis Ris, 1911
- Atoconeura Karsch, 1899
- Atratothemis Wilson, 2005
- Austrothemis Ris, 1909
- Bironides Förster, 1903
- Boninthemis Asahina, 1952
- Brachydiplax Brauer, 1868
- Brachygonia Kirby, 1889
- Brachymesia Kirby, 1889 – tropical pennants
- Brachythemis Brauer, 1868
- Bradinopyga Kirby, 1893
- Brechmorhoga Kirby, 1894 – clubskimmers
- Calophlebia Selys, 1896
- Camacinia Kirby, 1889
- Cannaphila Kirby, 1889 – narrow-winged skimmers
- Celebophlebia Lieftinck, 1936
- Celebothemis Ris, 1909
- Celithemis Hagen, 1861 – pennants
- Chalcostephia Kirby, 1889
- Chalybeothemis Lieftinck, 1933
- Congothemis Fraser, 1953
- Cratilla Kirby, 1900
- Crocothemis Brauer, 1868 – skimmers
- Cyanothemis Ris, 1915
- Dasythemis Karsch, 1889
- Deielia Kirby, 1889
- Diastatops Rambur, 1842
- Diplacina Brauer, 1868
- Diplacodes Kirby, 1889 – perchers
- Dythemis Hagen, 1861 – setwings
- Edonis Needham, 1905
- Elasmothemis Westfall, 1988
- Eleuthemis Ris, 1910
- Elga Ris, 1911
- Epithemis Laidlaw, 1955
- Erythemis Hagen, 1861 – pondhawks
- Erythrodiplax Brauer, 1868 – dragonlets
- Fylgia Kirby, 1889 - white-eyed skimmer
- Garrisonia Peñalva & Costa, 2007
- Hadrothemis Karsch, 1891 – jungle-skimmers
- Hemistigma Kirby, 1889 – pied-spots
- Huonia Förster, 1903
- Hydrobasileus Kirby, 1889
- Hylaeothemis Ris, 1909
- Hypothemis Karsch, 1889
- Idiataphe Cowley, 1934 – metallic pennants
- Indothemis Ris, 1909
- Ladona Needham, 1897
- Lanthanusa Ris, 1909
- Lathrecista Kirby, 1889
- Leucorrhinia Brittinger, 1850 – whitefaces
- Libellula Linnaeus, 1758 – chasers (Eng.), skimmers (Amer.)
- Lokia Ris, 1919
- Lyriothemis Brauer, 1868
- Macrodiplax Brauer, 1868 – marl pennants
- Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 – sylphs
- Malgassophlebia Fraser, 1956
- Miathyria Kirby, 1889 – dashers
- Micrathyria Kirby, 1889 – tropical dashers
- Micromacromia Karsch, 1890
- Microtrigonia Förster, 1903
- Misagria Kirby, 1889
- Nannodiplax Brauer, 1868
- Nannophlebia Selys, 1878
- Nannophya Rambur, 1842
- Nannophyopsis Lieftinck, 1935
- Nannothemis Brauer, 1868 – skimmers
- Neodythemis Karsch, 1889
- Nephepeltia Kirby, 1889
- Nesciothemis Longfield, 1955
- Nesogonia Kirby, 1898
- Nesoxenia Kirby, 1889
- Neurothemis Brauer, 1867
- Nothodiplax Belle, 1984
- Notiothemis Ris, 1919 – forestwatchers
- Notolibellula Theischinger & Watson, 1977
- Oligoclada Karsch, 1890
- Olpogastra Karsch, 1895
- Onychothemis Brauer, 1868
- Orchithemis Brauer, 1878
- Orionothemis Fleck, Hamada & Carvalho, 2009
- Orthemis Hagen, 1861 – tropical king skimmers
- Orthetrum Newman, 1833 – skimmers
- Oxythemis Ris, 1909
- Pachydiplax Brauer, 1868 – blue dasher
- Pacificothemis Asahina, 1940
- Palaeothemis Fraser, 1923
- Palpopleura Rambur, 1842
- Paltothemis Karsch, 1890 – rock skimmers
- Pantala Hagen, 1861 – rainpool gliders
- Parazyxomma Pinhey, 1961
- Perithemis Hagen, 1861 – amberwings
- Phyllothemis Fraser, 1935
- Planiplax Muttkowski, 1910
- Plathemis Hagen, 1861
- Pornothemis Krüger, 1902
- Porpacithemis Fraser, 1954
- Porpax Karsch, 1896
- Potamarcha Karsch, 1890
- Protorthemis Kirby, 1889
- Pseudagrionoptera Ris, 1909
- Pseudoleon Kirby, 1889
- Pseudothemis Kirby, 1889
- Pseudotramea Fraser, 1920
- Raphismia Kirby, 1889
- Rhodopygia Kirby, 1889
- Rhodothemis Ris, 1909
- Rhyothemis Hagen, 1867
- Risiophlebia Cowley, 1934
- Scapanea Kirby, 1889
- Selysiothemis Ris, 1897
- Sleuthemis Fraser, 1951
- Sympetrum Newman, 1833 – darters (Eng.), meadowhawks (Amer.)
- Tapeinothemis Lieftinck, 1950
- Tauriphila Kirby, 1889 – pasture gliders
- Tetrathemis Brauer, 1868
- Thalassothemis Ris, 1909
- Thermochoria Kirby, 1889
- Thermorthemis Kirby, 1889
- Tholymis Hagen, 1867 – evening skimmers
- Tramea Hagen, 1861 – saddlebags
- Trithemis Brauer, 1868 – dropwings
- Trithetrum Dijkstra & Pilgrim, 2007
- Tyriobapta Kirby, 1889
- Uracis Rambur, 1842
- Urothemis Brauer, 1868
- Viridithemis Fraser, 1960
- Ypirangathemis Santos, 1945
- Zenithoptera Selys, 1869
- Zygonoides Fraser, 1957
- Zygonychidium Lindley, 1970
- Zygonyx Hagen, 1867
- Zyxomma Rambur, 1842
The following fossil genera are also known:[5][6]
- †Caussanelia Nel, Martinez-Delclós, Papier, & Oudard, 1997 (Late Oligocene of France)
- †Jeanlegrandia Nel, Petrulevicius & Jarzembowski, 2005 (Late Oligocene of France)[7]
- †Lithemis Fraser, 1951 (mid-late Miocene of Croatia)
- †Miorhodopygia Riou & Nel, 1995 (Late Miocene of France)
- †Molertrum Zessin, 2019 (earliest Eocene of Denmark)[8]
- †Oligocaemia Fraser, 1951 (mid-late Miocene of Croatia)
- †Oryctodiplax Cavallo & Galetti, 1987 (Late Miocene of Italy)
- †Palaeolibellula Fleck, Nel & Martinez-Delclos, 1999 (Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan)[3]
- †Paleotauriphila Nel & Paicheler, 1993 (Early Oligocene of France)
- †Palaeotramea Nel & Papazian, 1985 (Late Oligocene to early Miocene of France, Germany & Turkey)
- †Parabrachydiplax Bechly & Sach, 2002 (Middle Miocene of Germany)[9]
- †Protopaltothemis Pongrácz, 1928 (Middle Miocene of Croatia)
- †Prorhyothemis Prokop, Fleck & Nel, 2003 (Early Miocene of the Czech Republic)[10]
- †Pisaurum Gentilini, 1988 (Late Miocene of Italy)
- †Randecktrum Zessin, 2019 (early-mid Miocene of Germany)
- †Sloveniatrum Zessin, Zalohar & Hitij, 2008 (mid-late Miocene of Slovenia)[5]
- †Trameobasileus Zeuner, 1938 (Early Miocene of Germany)
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Gallery
Libellulidae nymph
Diastatops pullata, male
Uracis fastigiata, male
Uracis imbuta, male
Thermorthemis madagascariensis, male
Thermorthemis madagascariensis, male
Thermorthemis madagascariensis, immature male
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References
Bibliography
External links
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