Liberation of Kuwait campaign

The Liberation of Kuwait campaign was between 24 and 28 February 1991, consisting of a major ground offensive into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait following the successful Gulf War air campaign. Approximately 650,000 troops of the American-led 42-country coalition swept into Kuwait to find the bulk of the 500,000 Iraqi troops surrendering en masse, but there were still pockets of resistance in some parts of the country. A particularly fierce battle took place at Kuwait International Airport, where Iraqi troops, seemingly unaware that a retreat order had been issued to them, continued to fight against the coalition's advance. By the end of February, Kuwait was declared free of the Iraqi occupation. The coalition then proceeded to push into Iraq, where the majority of the fighting occurred.^[2] Shortly thereafter, combat operations ceased and the Gulf War was brought to a close.

Liberation of Kuwait
Part of the Gulf War
Two abandoned Iraqi tanks near Kuwait City (26 February 1991)
Date 24–28 February 1991 Location Kuwait, Iraq, and the Persian Gulf Result Coalition victory Territorial changes Restoration of Kuwaiti sovereignty Renunciation of the "Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District" and the "Kuwait Governorate" by Iraq
Belligerents
Coalition United States United Kingdom France Canada Kuwait (in exile) Saudi Arabia Egypt Syria Bangladesh[1]	Iraq
Commanders and leaders
George H W Bush  Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.  Colin Powell  Peter de la Billière  Khalid bin Sultan al-Saud  Nuruddin Khan (Appointed by the order of Khaleda Zia)	Saddam Hussein  Ali Hassan al-Majid
Strength
650,000	500,000
Casualties and losses
1,155 casualties 70 captured	20,000–35,000 casualties 150,000 captured
/ 185,000 Iraq casualties   /

Prelude

Tanks from a 3rd Armored Division brigade along the Line of Departure.

A force composed of 40 amphibious assault ships was stationed off the coast of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. It was the largest such force to be assembled since the Battle of Inchon.^[3] Days before the attack, an amphibious force made repeated feint attacks and landings at Kuwait City, attempting to fool the Iraqis into thinking the coalition would attack via amphibious assault. Instead, the troops were to enter the southern border of Kuwait.

Campaign

See also: Gulf War order of battle ground campaign

An American M60 Patton tank breaches the Iraqi defense line in Kuwait on 24 February.

At 4 a.m. on 24 February, after being shelled for months and under the constant threat of a gas attack, the U.S. 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions crossed into Kuwait. They maneuvered around vast systems of barbed wire, minefields, and trenches. Once in Kuwait, they headed towards Kuwait City. The troops themselves encountered little resistance and, apart from several minor tank battles, were met primarily by surrendering soldiers. The general pattern was that coalition troops would encounter Iraqi soldiers who would put up a brief fight before deciding to surrender.^[4]

M1 Abrams move out during the Gulf War

On 27 February, Saddam Hussein issued a retreat order to his troops in Kuwait; however, one unit of Iraqi troops appeared to have not gotten the retreat order. When the U.S. Marines arrived at Kuwait International Airport, they encountered fierce resistance, and it took them several hours to gain control and secure the airport. As part of the retreat order, the Iraqis carried out a "scorched earth" policy that included setting hundreds of oil wells on fire in an effort to destroy the Kuwaiti economy. After the battle at Kuwait International Airport, the U.S. Marines stopped at the outskirts of Kuwait City, allowing their coalition allies to take and occupy Kuwait City, effectively ending combat operations in the Kuwaiti theater of the war.^{[citation needed]}

Result

Aerial view of destroyed Iraqi T-72 tank, BMP-1 and Type 63 armored personnel carriers and trucks on Highway 8 in March 1991

After four days of fighting, all Iraqi troops were expelled from Kuwait, ending a nearly seven-month occupation of Kuwait by Iraq. A little over 1,100 casualties were suffered by the Coalition. Estimates of Iraqi casualties range from 30,000 to 150,000. Iraq lost thousands of vehicles, while the advancing Coalition lost relatively few; Iraq's Soviet T-72 tanks proved no match for the American M1 Abrams and British Challenger tanks.^[5]