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Limnonectes

Genus of fork-tongued frogs From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Limnonectes
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Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of 91 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally.[1][2] They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.

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Habitat

These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony.[3] Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.[4]

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Lifecycle

Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.[5] The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs.[5] Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have shown it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too.[6] L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles.[4] Parental care is performed by males.[3]

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Species

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Phylogeny

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Pyron & Wiens (2011)

The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011).[7] 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.[7]

Limnonectes

Aowphol, et al. (2015)

The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015).[8] 20 species are included.

Limnonectes

McLeod, et al. (2015)

Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015).[9] Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubang[10] are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.

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References

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