Species authority |
Distribution |
Dimensions (mm tall × mm wide) |
Characteristics |
Spore size (μm) shape |
Etymology |
C. africanus[1] H.J. Brodie (1967) |
Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) |
4–6 × 6–8 |
experidium not plicate, woolly, hairs of equal length knotted into tight curls; endoperidium smooth with faint or irregular ridges; peridioles 2–2.5 mm in diameter, silvery with tunica |
6.5–8.5 × 8.5–12 ovoid, with a distinct apiculus |
L. African |
C. amazonicus[2] Trierveiler-pereira & Baseia (2009) |
Brazil |
9–11 × 5–7 |
experidium finely plicate, woolly, hairs yellowish brown; endoperidium distinctly plicate; peridioles 2–3 × 1.2–2 mm, dark gray and shiny |
14–19 × 12–16 subglobose |
L. Amazon |
C. annulatus[3] H.J. Brodie (1970) |
Cypress Hills (Canada) |
7–10 × 7–12[4] |
pale brown, covered on exoperidium with tomentum; basal emplacement small and inconspicuous; endoperidium pale buff, shiny, lightly striate; lip of peridium with deep brown ring 0.5 mm wide; peridioles 1.5–1.75 mm, roughly triangular with shiny tunica[4] |
15.5–17 × 15–19[4] ellipsoid to ovate or roughly spherical |
|
C. badius Kobayasi (1937) |
Japan |
8–10 × 6–8 |
Exoperidium dark brown, fruiting bodies arising from wooly base 3–mm in diameter; peridioles lenticular, 2.3 mm long by 2 mm wide by 0.6–0.9 mm thick, silvery-lead colored, with tunica.[5] |
15–18 × 11–13[5] |
L. badius (dull brown) |
C. berkeleyanus (Tul. & C. Tul.) Lloyd (1906) |
Widespread distribution in the tropics: West Indies, Florida, Mexico, Bolivia, Brazil, Hawaiian Islands |
6–8 × 4–6[6] |
Exoperidium hairy in fresh specimens, but wears off in age, leaving surface smooth and plicate; inner surface variably plicate; peridioles dark brown, 1.5–3 mm in diameter; typically elliptical, with a thin tunica.[6] |
6–9 × 4–7[6] |
|
C. bulleri[7] H.J. Brodie (1967) |
West Indies, Hawaiian Islands, Mexico[4] |
5–9 × 5–8[4] |
Exoperidium with fine tomentum and long, converging downward-pointing hairs, plicate in upper third; ectoperidal surface plicate, silvery; epiphragm white with vertical tufts of hyphae; peridioles 2–2.5 mm in diameter with thick tunica, silvery when fresh, dark-brown when old.[8] |
5–8.5 spherical[8] |
|
C. canna[9] Lloyd (1906) |
Tropical locales: Jamaica, Costa Rica, Barbados, Mexico, Mauritius |
7–8 × 6–8[8] |
Exoperidium dark brown, scabrous with short tomentum; endoperidial surface smooth, white; peridioles with thin tunica on upper side.[8] |
7–9 [8] roughly spherical |
L. from Gr. canna (a reed) |
C. chevalieri Har. & Pat. (1909) |
Oubangui |
Up to 20 × 5–7[10] |
Resembles C. striatus |
8 × 5 ovoid[10] |
|
C. colensoi Berk. (1855) |
New Zealand, Australia |
6–7 × 5–6[11] |
Cups bell-shaped, smooth with fine hairs pressed down on exoperidium; peridioles approximately 2 mm |
Some ellipsoid, 10–12 × 8–10; some subglobose, 9–12[11] |
W. Colenso |
C. confusus[12] Tai & Hung (1948) |
Yunnan (China) |
11–17 × 5–9[5] |
Exterior surface light cinnamon colored, shaggy; interior surface light buff, smooth; tunica thick. |
7–10 × 5–6.4[5] elliptic or narrowly obovate[5] |
L. confusus (confused) |
C. cornucopiodes[13] T.X. Zhou & W. Ren (1992) |
China |
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C. costatus Lloyd (1936) |
Puerto Rico |
2.5–3 mm diameter[14] |
Exoperidium covered with dark, strigose hairs, ribbed, plicate; peridioles small (1 mm), black.[14] |
16–× 5–[14] elliptical |
L. costatus (ribbed) |
C. crassimurus[15] H.J. Brodie (1971) |
Hawaii |
5 × 6–7 |
Golden colored, plicate, external hairs; radially wrinkled dark brown peridioles. Has a two-layered cortex and long narrow spores.[16] |
17–20 × 11–12 ellipsoid, very thick-walled (2.5–4 μm)[17] |
L. crassus (thick) murus (wall) |
C. crispus H.J. Brodie (1974)[18] |
Ghana |
|
Golden-colored, plicate peridia covered on external surface with curls of hyphal hairs |
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C. earlei Lloyd (1906) |
Tropical or subtropical: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Hawaii |
6–7 × 8[11] |
Dark brown exterior, silvery (almost white) interior surface; tomentum of short hairs; peridioles up to 2 mm wide, thin tunica on upper side[19] |
12 × 10 to 22 × 12[20] |
F.S. Earle |
C. ellipsoideus H.J. Brodie (1974)[21] |
Mysore India |
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Pale colored and plicate; has peridioles and spores with an ellipsoidal outline.[16] |
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C. elmeri Bres. |
Philippines |
7–10 × 7–9[17] |
Peridioles ash-grey, powdery, 1.3–1.5 mm in diameter; thin tunica (100–150 μm thick).[17] |
18–22 × 10–12[17] ellipsoidal |
A.D.E. Elmer |
C. fimicola Berk. (1881) |
Puerto Rico, Mexico |
2–3 × 4–5 |
Pale, with strigose matted hairs; peridioles small, black, 1.5 mm |
8 × 16[22] |
|
C. gayanus Tul. & C. Tul. (1844) |
Chile, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Venezuela |
153 × 5–6 |
Narrow, conic, dark brown, inner surface striate, out surface only faintly striate; peridioles black, 3 mm with thick outer wall. |
20–32 roughly spherical[14] |
C. Gay |
C. gracilis[23] H.J. Brodie (1973) |
Luzon (Philippines); Brazil[24] |
4–7 × 8–10 |
Peridium slender, obconic, thin-walled (0.2–0.4 mm); outer surface umber- or rust-colored and covered with conical tufts of hairs, not plicate, inner surface same color as outer or lighter; epiphragm pale buff with brown hairs; peridioles 2 mm in diameter, circular.[25] |
20 × 10 ellipsoidal |
L. gracilis (slender) |
C. griseocarpus[26] H.J. Brodie (1984) |
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C. helenae H.J. Brodie (1966) |
Alpine and boreal, and dry areas of Idaho; Brazil[24] |
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15–19 × 12–14 |
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C. hirtulus B. Liu & Y.M. Li (1989) |
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18–25.5 × 7.5–9 |
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C. hookeri[27] Berk. (1854) |
India, New Zealand, Yunnan (China) |
up to 14 × 10[28] |
Bell-shaped |
|
J. Hooker |
C. intermedius (Mont.) Tul. & C. Tul. (1844) |
West Indies, Florida, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Philippines |
8–9 × 7–8 |
Pale fawn color, when young covered with tomentum organized in nodules; peridioles about 2 mm in diameter, with a thin tunica. |
10–× 16 elliptical[29] |
L. inter (middle) and medius (middle) |
C. jiayuguanensis J. Yu, T.X. Zhou & L.Z. Zhao (2002) |
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C. julietae H.J. Brodie (1967) |
Jamaica |
7–8 × 7–8[30] |
Pale brown or yellow, obconic with straight sides, thin-walled; exoperidium not plicate, covered with very fine hairs; inside wall smooth, glossy; narrow basal emplacement; epiphragm pale brown or yellowish; peridioles black, elliptical, wrinkled on upper surface, 1.5–1.75 mm long; thin tunica, single-layered cortex. |
5–9 × 5–7 subglobose to ellipsoid, thin-walled.[30] |
L. from the name Juliet |
C. lanatus (H.J. Brodie) R.L. Zhao (2007)[31] |
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C. lijiangensis[32] T.X. Zhou & R.L. Zhao (2004) |
China |
6–9 × 3–6 |
Obconic or funnel-shaped, outer surface covered by greyish-white hairs and narrow tufts, plicate externally and internally, lip not setose; peridioles 1.5–2 × 1.5–1.8 mm, depressed, mostly round or ellipsoid. |
15.5–18.5 × 11–15 |
|
C. limbatus Tul. & C. Tul. (1844) |
British Guiana, West Indies, China, India, Africa, South America, Hawaiian Islands, Pacific Islands |
7–10 × 6–7[14] |
Dark brown color, inner and outer surfaces plicate; peridioles 2 mm wide or more, deep brown to black, shiny. Synonymous with C. cheliensis |
16–22 × 10–12 |
L. limbatus (bordered, or fringed) |
C. luxiensis[33] T.X. Zhou, J. Yu & Y. Hui Chen (2003) |
China |
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C. microsporus Tul. & C. Tul. (1844) |
San Domingo, Cuba, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Hawaii, Florida |
5–7 × 6–8[8] |
Obconic, exoperidium no plicate, at times hairy; endoperidium smooth or with faint ridges, but not plicate; peridioles black, about 2 mm[34] |
5–6 × 4[8] |
Gr. mikros (small) and spora (seed) |
C. minimus Pat. |
China |
4–5 × 4[8] |
Exoperidium covered with hairs pressed-down. Interior surface smooth. Peridioles approximately 1 mm, with a thin tunica. Single-layered cortex, 50 μm thick. |
18–20 × 10–12[8] |
L. minimus (smallest) |
C. montagnei Tul. & C. Tul. (1844) |
Brazil, West Indies, Central America, Venezuela, Congo, Philippines, Thailand |
7–10 × 8[35] |
dark brown, fading with age, outside hirsute, faintly plicate; inside walls widely plicate, silvery-colored Peridioles are black and shiny, with a thin tunica, cortex one-layered but may appear two-layered |
20 × 12 ellipsoid |
for Jean P. Montagne, French mycologist |
C. nigroalbus Lloyd (1906) |
Samoa, Fiji |
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C. novae-zeelandiae Tul. & C. Tul. (1844) |
New Zealand |
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C. olivaceobrunneus Tai & Hung (1948) |
Yunnan (China) |
7–8 × 6[36] |
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16–19 × 8.6–10 ellipitic, rounded at both ends |
L. oliva (olive) and brunneus (brown) |
C. olla (Batsch) Pers. (1801) |
Common, widespread |
10–15 × 8–10 |
Flared outwards towards the mouth; exoperidium grey, fine-textured; endoperidium smooth; peridioles large, up to 3.5 wide, irregularly shaped, with tunica.[37] |
10–14 × 6–8[37] |
L. olla (pot) |
C. pallidus Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1868) |
West Indies, Mexico, South America (Brazil and Peru), United States (Georgia and Florida), Hawaiian Islands |
5–7 × 5–7[30] |
Crucible shaped, pale buff-colored; thin and friable peridium walls; exoperidium covered with long down-ward-bent hairs; peridioles dark grey to black; 2 mm diameter; with a thin tunica. |
7.5–15 × 4–8.5[30] Mostly ellipsoid. |
L. pallidus (pale-colored) |
C. pictus[38] H.J. Brodie (1971) |
Mexico |
8–9 × 5 |
Outer surface with fine hairs clumped into small mounds; cinnamon brown when dry, dark brown when moist; the mouth has a distinct red-brown band (0.2–0.3 mm wide) immediately below the rim; inside wall smooth, not plicate, lead-grey; emplacement large (7 mm); peridioles situated deep in cup, black, irregular shape (1.75–2 mm wide × 2–2.5 mm long), with depression on upper side; no tunica. |
26–32 globose |
L. picted (painted) |
C. poeppigii Tul. & C. Tul. (1844) |
Warm countries: West Indies, South America, Hawaiian Islands, Asia, Africa, China, Florida |
6–8 × 6 |
Narrowly obconic, felty or shaggy, reddish brown to dark brown, almost black in age; both inner and outer surface deeply fluted or plicate; peridioles black and shiny. Synonymous with C. megasporus |
30–42 × 20–28 elliptical[39] |
Poeppig, the collector |
C. pullus Tai & Hung (1948)[12] |
Yunnan China |
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C. pygmaeus Lloyd (1906) |
United States: Washington State, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, California; Santiago (Chile) |
4–4.5 × 3.5–4 |
Exoperidium greyish brown, smooth, with appressed hairs; peridioles about 1 mm, with thin tunica.[11] Synonymous with C. gansuensis |
12–14 × 8–9[11] |
L. pygmaeus (dwarf) |
C. renweii[32] T.X. Zhou & R.L. Zhao (2004) |
China |
8–10 × 5–6 |
Obconic or cup-shaped; outer surface brownish, with yellowish to pinkish hairs and narrow tufts, strongly plicate; peridioles 2 mm diameter |
21–31 × 10.5–13.5 ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid |
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C. rudis Pat. (1924) |
New Caledonia, Amboina |
5–10 × 5–8 |
Conic; striate on inner surface, with reddish squamules on outer surface; interior surface silvery-white; peridioles black-brown with thin tunica, 1 mm wide[10] |
9–12 × 5 elliptical |
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C. setosus H.J. Brodie (1967) |
St Lucia, Trinidad, Guadelope, Jamaica, Mexico, Bolivia |
8–10 × 7–8 |
Mouth of cup has stiff, dark setae 0.5–1 mm long; outside surface with fine appressed hairs and some longer tangled hairs; inside surface barely plicate, silvery; basal emplacement narrow (1.5–2 mm wide); epiphragm thin, white to pale buff; peridioles angular, black, shiny, 2.5 or more wide. |
17–24 × 10–14[40] |
L. setosus (bristly or hairy) |
C. sinensis[41] Imazeki (1950) |
Kyushu Islands (Japan) |
5–6 × 2.5–5 |
Peridium with obconic shape, woolly exoperidial surface (hairs tufted), cinnamon-brown color; inner surface smooth, lead-white; peridioles grey, 1.3 mm wide, 0.5 mm thick. |
12.5–18.5 × 8.3–10.3 ellipsoid[42] |
L.sinensis (Chinese) |
C. stercoreus (Schwein.) De Toni (1888) |
Worldwide |
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L. stercorarius (of dung) |
C. striatus (Huds.) Willd. (1787) |
Widespread in temperate regions; Europe, America, India, Japan, China, Mexico |
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18–20 × 8–10 |
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C. subglobisporus R.L. Zhao, Desjardin & K.D. Hyde (2008)[43] |
Northern Thailand |
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Ivory-coloured fruiting bodies covered with shaggy hairs, plications on the inner surface of the peridium and subglobose basidiospores. |
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C. triplex Lloyd (1906) |
West Indies, Florida, Venezuela, Hawaii, Philippines, Thailand |
5–6 × 5 |
Outer surface smooth, covered with scabrous hairs, inner surface smooth, silvery white; peridioles 2 mm with very thin tunica. |
16–22 × 12–14 ellipsoid[44] |
L. triplex (threefold) |
C. yunnanensis B. Liu & Y.M. Li (1989) |
China |
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14.5–22.5 × 10.5–18 |
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