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List of echinoderms of Sri Lanka

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Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. The invertebrate fauna is as large as it is common to other regions of the world. So it is complicated to summarize the exact number of species found within the country.

Echinoderms belong to the phylum Echinodermata. They are deuterostomes that are closely related to chordates. Echinoderms are characterized by having a water vascular system, tube feet, radial symmetry, and undergo complete regeneration from a single limb. It is the largest phylum that has no freshwater or terrestrial members. There are five classes of echinoderms: Asteroidea (starfish), Ophiuroidea (brittle star), Echinoidea (sea urchin), Crinoidea (sea lily) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumber).

The following list provides echinoderms currently identified in Sri Lankan waters.

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Sea Urchins

The first detailed work on irregular echinoids was carried out by Agassiz in 1872 and then by Clark & Rowe in 1971 where they compiled records of 24 species of irregular sea urchins in the "Ceylon area". However, some of these localities now belong to the Indian Territory. In 2017, a recent species list has been made by Arachchige et al., where he described 27 irregular echinoids from Sri Lankan waters.[1] The information on regular echinoids was listed by Agassiz & Desor in 1846 which continued to advance until the end of the 19th century. Then, there was a knowledge gap between the mid-20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries mainly due to a lack of systematic studies. However, in the latter part, two checklists have been published by the IUCN Red List in 2006 and 2012.[2]

Currently, in Sri Lanka, there are 39 regular echinoids belong to 28 genera, nine families, and five orders are recorded.[2] Meanwhile, there are 21 irregular echinoid species belong to four orders, nine families, and 15 genera in Sri Lanka.[1]

Irregular echinoids

Order: Echinoneoida

Family: Echinoneidae

  • Echinoneus cyclostomus
  • Koehleraster abnormalis

Order: Echinolampadoida

Family: Echinolampadidae - Cassiduloids

  • Echinolampas alexandri
  • Echinolampas ovata

Order: Clypeasteroida - Sand dollars

Family: Astriclypeidae

Family: Clypeasteridae

Family: Fibulariidae

  • Echinocyamus megapetalus
  • Fibulariella angulipora
  • Fibularia

Family: Laganidae

  • Jacksonaster depressum
  • Peronella lesueuri
  • Peronella oblonga

Order: Spatangoida - Heart urchins

Family: Brissidae

Family: Loveniidae

  • Lovenia elongate

Family: Maretiidae

  • Nacospatangus alta

Regular echinoids

Order: Cidaroida

Family: Cidaridae

Order: Diadematoida

Family: Diadematidae

Order: Stomopneustoida

Family: Stomopneustidae

Order: Camarodonta

Family: Echinometridae

Family: Temnopleuridae

  • Microcyphus ceylanicus
  • Salmacis bicolor
  • Salmacis virgulata
  • Temnopleurus toreumaticus

Family: Toxopneustidae

Starfish

The exact number of starfish in Sri Lankan waters is unknown. Many works came through the work done based on Indian echinoderms in and around Indian seas.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Order: Valvatida

Family: Acanthasteridae

Family: Asterinidae

  • Asterina coronata

Family: Ophidiasteridae

Family: Oreasteridae

  • Anthenea pentagonula
  • Anthenea regalis
  • Goniodiscaster scaber
  • Siraster tuberculatus
  • Stellaster equestris
  • Stellaster incei

Family: Goniasteridae

Order: Forcipulatida

Family: Asteriidae

Order: Paxillosida

Family: Astropectinidae

  • Astropecten vappa

Family: Luidiidae

Brittle stars

There is little works have done to identify the brittle star species around Sri Lanka. But, further detailed work is necessary to compile a checklist.[9][10]

Order: Ophiurida

Family: Ophiactidae

Family: Ophiocomidae

  • Ophiocoma anaglyptica

Family: Ophiodermatidae

  • Ophiarachnella gorgonia
  • Ophiodyscrita instrata

Family: Ophiolepididae

Family: Ophiomyxidae

  • Ophiarachna incrassata

Family: Ophiotrichidae

  • Gymnolophus obscura

Sea cucumber

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The diversity of sea cucumbers of Sri Lanka show extensive research work.[11] Many species are edible and economically important, whereas some researches about sea cucumbers in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka have been documented.[12][13] However, some species are extensively studied.[14][15][16][17] The sea cucumber fishery was introduced to Sri Lanka by the Chinese particularly through the commodities taken to China for centuries.[18] Since 1980, sea cucumber fishery rapidly grown throughout north, east and northwestern Sri Lankan coast.[19] In 2010, D.C.T. Dissanayake and Gunnar Stefansson compiled a research on the abundance and distribution of commercial sea cucumber species in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka.[20] They described twenty-five sea cucumber species belonging to seven genera from east and northwest coasts of Sri Lanka.[21] Another research was carried out from May 2014 to June 2015 in Viyaparimuli and Munnai to identify the species composition and diversity of sea cucumber population in the Point Pedro coastal area of Jaffna peninsula.[22] In 2008, Dissanayaka and Athukorala recorded 24 sea cucumber species from Northwestern and Eastern parts of Sri Lanka, and then in 2014, Kuganathan has reported sixteen species of sea cucumbers in the Jaffna estuary.[23][24] In 2017, the status of holothurian fisheries in Mullaitivu coastal waters in the North-East region of Sri Lanka was documented.[25] In 2020, a new sea cucumber record was identified from nearby waters.[26] Apart from that, leading scientist D.C.T. Dissanayake has done extensive work on sea cucumbers.[27][28][29]

Order: Apodida

Family: Synaptidae

Order: Holothuriida

Family: Holothuriidae

Order: Molpadiida

Family: Caudinidae

Order: Synallactida

Family: Stichopodidae

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Sea lilies

Researches on sea lily or feather star diversity of Sri Lankan waters have been very limited when compared with other echinoderm classes.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

Order: Comatulida

Family: Colobometridae

Family: Comatulidae

Family: Himerometridae

Family: Mariametridae

Family: Tropiometridae

Family: Zygometridae

  • Zygometra andromeda

References

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