List of invasive species in Portugal

This is a list of invasive species in Portugal. The species tagged with a cross (†) have the legal status of invasive species (Decreto-Lei n.º 565/99 de 21 de Dezembro). The remaining are considered invasive by investigators in Portugal. The species tagged with an "M" are classified as invasive only in Madeira.

Invertebrates

Popillia japonica on the Azores.

• Adelges piceae (balsam woolly adelgid)^[1]
• Aleurodicus dispersus (spiralling whitefly)^[2]
• Anguillicoloides crassus (swim bladder worm)^[3]
• Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid)^[4]
• Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)^[5]
• Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer)^[6]
• Cinara cupressi (Cypress aphid)^[7]
• Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam)(†)
• Cryptotermes brevis (powderpost termite)^[8]
• Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid)^[9]
• Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)^[10]
• Elminius modestus (Australasian barnacle)^[11]
• Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab)(†)
• Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)^[12]
• Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)^[13]
• Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)^[14]
• Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle)(†)^[15][16]
• Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)(†)^[15][17]
• Lumbricus terrestris (common earthworm)^[18]
• Lysiphlebus testaceipes(†)^[15]
• Opogona sacchari (banana moth)^[19]
• Pacifastacus leniusculus (signal crayfish)(†)^[15][20]
• Paratrechina longicornis (longhorn crazy ant)^[21]
• Phoracantha semipunctata (Australian Eucalyptus longhorn)(†)^[15][22]
• Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle)^[23]
• Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail)(†)^[15][24]
• Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crawfish)(†)
• Styela clava (Asian tunicate)^[25]
• Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug)^[26]
• Tricellaria inopinata^[27]
• Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Yellow-legged Asian hornet)^[28]

Amphibians

• Bufo marinus (†)^[29]
• Lithobates catesbeianus (†)^[29]
• Rana ridibunda (†)^[29]
• Xenopus laevis (†)^[29]

Reptiles

A Madeiran wall lizard on the Azores. Although native to Portugal (Madeira), the Madeiran wall lizard has also rapidly spread through the Azores due to the lack of other lizard species

• Chamaeleo chamaeleon (common chameleon) (†)^[15][30]
• Chelydra serpentina (†)^[29]
• Chrysemys picta (†)^[29]
• Graptemys spp. (†)^[29]
• Hemidactylus mabouia (†) (M)^[29]
• Macroclemys temminckii (†)^[29]
• Pseudemys spp. (†)^[29]
• Ramphotyphlops braminus (†) (M)^[29]
• Tarentola mauritanica (†) (M)^[29]
• Lacerta dugesii (Madeiran wall lizard)(†)^[15][31]
• Lampropeltis getula ssp. californiae (†) (M)^[29]
• Trachemys spp. (†)^[29]

Fish

• Ameiurus melas (black bullhead)(†)^[15][32]
• Australoheros facetus (chameleon cichlid)(†)
• Carassius auratus (goldfish)(†)
• Cyprinus carpio (common carp)(†)
• Esox lucius (northern pike)(†)
• Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog)(†)
• Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)(†)
• Gobio gobio (gudgeon)(†)
• Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed)(†)
• Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)(†)
• Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)(†)^[15][33]
• Sander lucioperca (Sander lucioperca)(†)^[15][34]

Birds

Source:^[35]

Family Anatidae:

• Oxyura jamaicensis

Family Columbidae:

• Columbina passerina(†)

Family Estrildidae:

• Amadina fasciata(†)
• Amandava amandava(†)
• Amandava subflava(†)
• Estrilda astrild(†)
• Estrilda melpoda(†)
• Estrilda troglodytes(†)
• Lonchura cantans(†)
• Lonchura maja(†)
• Lonchura malacca(†)
• Taeniopygia castanotis(†)

Family Phasianidae:

• Francolinus francolinus(†)
• Phasianus colchicus(†)

Family Ploceidae:

• Euplectes afer(†)
• Euplectes franciscanus(†)
• Euplectes hordeaceus(†)
• Euplectes orix(†)
• Ploceus cucullatus(†)
• Ploceus melanocephalus(†)
• Quelea quelea(†)

Family Psittacidae:

• Myiopsitta monachus(†)
• Psittacula krameri(†)

Mammals

• Ammotragus lervia (†)^[29]
• Callosciurus erythraeus (†)^[29]
• Capra hircus (†) (M)^[29]
• Castor canadensis (†)^[29]
• Erinaceus spp. (†) (M)^[29]
• Felis silvestris f. catus (†) *^[29]
• Herpestes javanicus (†)^[29]
• Hystrix cristata (†)^[29]
• Muntiacus reevesi (†)^[29]
• Mus musculus (†) (M)^[29]
• Mus domesticus (†) (M)^[29]
• Mustela spp. (†) (M)^[29]
  • Mustela furo (ferret)^[29][36]
• Myocastor coypus (†)^[29]
• Nasua nasua (†)^[29]
• Neogale vison (American mink) (†)^[29][37]
• Nyctereutes procyonoides (†)^[29]
• Ondatra zibethicus (†)^[29]
• Oryctolagus cuniculus (†) (M)^[29]
• Procyon spp. (†)^[29]
• Rattus spp. (†) (M)^[29]
  • Rattus norvegicus (brown rat)(†)^[15][38]
  • Rattus rattus (black rat)(†)^[15][39]
• Sciurus carolinensis (†)^[29]
• Sciurus niger (†)^[29]
• Tamias sibiricus (†)^[29]

Plants

Acacia melanoxylon in Nazaré. Acacias are highly invasive in Portuguese sand dunes

Carpobrotus edulis in Cabo da Roca

Agave americana on Santa Maria Island, Azores

Pittosporum undulatum on Pico Island, a major threat to the endemic laurisilva of the Azores

Cortaderia selloana growing spontaneously in Lisbon

• Abutilon sonneratianum (†) (M) (Cav.) Sweet^[29]
• Acacia spp. (†)^[29]
  • Acacia baileyana F.Muell^[40]: 119
  • Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. ^[40]: 119
  • Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don^[40]: 119
  • Acacia dealbata Link.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia decurrens (J.C.Wendl) Willd.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia mearnsii DeWild.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.^[40]: 119
  • Acacia pycnantha^[40]: 119
  • Acacia retinodes Schlecht^[40]: 119
• Acanthus mollis (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Acer negundo (†) L.^[29]
• Acer pseudoplatanus (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Adiantum hispidulum (†) (M) Sw.^[29]
• Adiantum raddianum (†) (MadMeira) Sw.^[29]
• Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis (†) (M) F. M. Leight^[29]
• Adiantum hispidulum (†) (M) Sw.^[29]
• Agave americana (†) L.^{[29][40]: 119}
• Ageratina adenophora (†) (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob.^[29]
• Ageratina riparia (†) (M) (Regel) R. M. King & H. Rob.^[29]
• Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle^[40]: 119
• Albizia julibrissin (†) Durazz.^[29]
• Aloe arborescens (†) (M) Mill.^[29]
• Alternanthera philoxeroides (†) (Mart.) Griseb.^[29]
• Alternanthera caracasana (†) Kunth^[29]
• Alternanthera nodiflora (†) R. Br.^[29]
• Alternanthera pungens (†) Kunth^[29]
• Amaranthus albus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus blitoides (†) S. Watson^[29]
• Amaranthus blitum ssp. emarginatus (†) (Moq. ex Uline & Bray) Carretero, Muñoz Garmendia & Pedrol^[29]
• Amaranthus caudatus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus cruentus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus deflexus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus hybridus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus hypochondriacus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus muricatus (†) (Gillies ex Moq.) Hieron.^[29]
• Amaranthus paniculatus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus powellii (†) S. Watson^[29]
• Amaranthus retroflexus (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus viridis (†) L.^[29]
• Amaranthus x ozanonii (†) Thell. ex Priszter^[29]
• Amaryllis belladonna (†) (M) Kunth^[29]
• Aptenia cordifolia (†) (M) (L. f.) Schwantes^[29]
• Araujia sericifera (†) Brot.^[29]
• Arctotheca calendula (†) (L.) Levyns^[29]
• Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levins^[40]: 120
• Arundo donax (†) L.^[40]: 120
• Asclepias curassavica (†) L.^[29]
• Asclepias syriaca (†) L.^[29]
• Asparagus asparagoides (†) (M) (L.) Druce^[29]
• Aster squamatus (†) (Spreng.) Hieron.^[29]
• Atriplex rosea (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Atriplex semibaccata (†) (M) R. Br.^[29]
• Azolla caroliniana Willd.^[40]: 120
• Azolla filiculoides (†) Lam.^{[29][40]: 120}
• Baccharis halimifolia (†) L.^[29]
• Baccharis spicata (†) (Lam.) Baill.^[29]
• Bidens aurea (†) (Aiton) Sherff^[29]
• Bidens frondosa (†) L.^[29]
• Bidens pilosa (†) L.^[29]
• Brachiaria mutica (†) (M) (Forssk.) Stapf^[29]
• Cabomba caroliniana (†) Gray^[29]
• Cardiospermum grandiflorum (†) (M) Sw.^[29]
• Carpobrotus acinaciformis (†) (L.) L. Bolus^[29]
• Carpobrotus edulis (L.)N.E.Br.^[40]: 121
• Cenchrus ciliaris (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Centranthus ruber (†) (M) (L.) DC.^[29]
• Chasmanthe aethiopica (†) (M) (L.) N.E. Br.^[29]
• Chrysanthemum coronarium (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Cirsium vulgare (†) (M) (Savi) Ten.^[29]
• Colocasia esculenta (†) (M) (L.) Schott^[29]
• Commelina diffusa (†) (M) Burm. F.^[29]
• Conyza bonariensis (†) (L.) Cronq.^[40]: 121
• Conyza canadensis (†) L.^[29]
• Conyza sumatrensis (†) (Retz.) E. Walker^[29]
• Coronopus didymus (†) (L.) J.E. Sm.^[29]
• Cortaderia selloana (†) (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Aschers & Graebner^[40]: 121
• Cotula australis (†) (M) (Sieber ex Spreng.) Hook. fil.^[29]
• Cotula coronopifolia (†) L.^[29]
• Crassula ovata (†) (M) (Mill.) Druce^[29]
• Crassula multicava (†) (M) Lem.^[29]
• Crinum bulbispermum (†) (M) (Burm.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick.^[29]
• Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (†) (M) (Lemoine) N.E. Br.^[29]
• Cyperus rotundus (†) L.^[29]
• Cyrtomium falcatum (†) (M) (L. fil.) C. Presl^[29]
• Cytisus scoparius (†) (M) (L.) Link^[29]
• Cytisus striatus (†) (M) (Hill) Rothm^[29]
• Datura innoxia (†) (M) Mill.^[29]
• Datura stramonium L.^[40]: 122
• Delairea odorata (†) (M) Lem. (= Senecio mikanoides Otto ex Walp.)^[29]
• Doodia caudata (†) (M) (Cav.) R. Br.^[29]
• Duchesnea indica (†) (M) (Andr.) Focke^[29]
• Egeria densa (†) Planch.^[29]
• Eichhornia crassipes (†) (C.R.P..Mart.) Solms. Laub.^{[29][40]: 122}
• Elodea canadensis (†) Mich.^{[29][40]: 122}
• Elodea nuttallii (†) (Planch.) St. John^[29]
• Erigeron karvinskianus DC.^{[29][40]: 122}
• Eryngium pandanifolium Cham. & Schlecht^{[29][40]: 122}
• Eschscholzia californica (†) Champ. (M)^[29]
• Eucalyptus globulus Labill^[40]: 122
• Fallopia baldschuanica (†) (Regel) J. Holub^[29]
• Fallopia japonica (†) (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. (= Reynoutria japonica Houtt.)^[29]
• Fallopia sachalinensis (†) (Schmidt) Ronse Decr.^[29]
• Fallopia × bohemica (†) (J. Chrtek & A. Chrtková) J. P. Bailey^[29]
• Fuchsia arborescens (†) Sims (M)^[29]
• Fuchsia magellanica (†) Lam. (M)^[29]
• Galinsoga parviflora Cav.^{[29][40]: 123}
• Galinsoga quadriradiata (†) Ruiz et Pav. (M)^[29]
• Gleditsia triacanthos (†) L.^[29]
• Gomphocarpus fruticosus (†) (L.) Aiton fil.^[29]
• Gunnera tinctoria (†) (Molina) Mirbel^[29]
• Hakea salicifolia (†) (Vent.) B.L.Burtt^{[29][40]: 123}
• Hakea sericea (†) Schrader - Háquia-picante^{[29][40]: 123}
• Hedychium gardnerianum (†) Sheppard ex Ker Grwal^{[29][40]: 123}
• Helichrysum foetidum (†) (M) (L.) Cass.^[29]
• Heracleum mantegazzianum (†) Sommier & Levier^[29]
• Heracleum persicum (†) Fischer^[29]
• Heracleum sosnowskyi (†) Mandenova^[29]
• Holcus lanatus (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Hydrangea macrophylla (†) (M) (Thunb.) Ser.^[29]
• Hydrilla verticillata (†) (L. f.) Royle^[29]
• Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (†) L. f.^[29]
• Impatiens glandulifera (†) Royle^[29]
• Ipomoea acuminata (†) (Vahl.) Roemer & Schultes^{[29][40]: 123}
• Ipomoea indica (†) (Burm.) Merr.^[29]
• Ipomea purpurea (†) (M) (L.) Roth^[29]
• Isatis tinctoria (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Kalanchoe daigremontiana (†) (M) Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier^[29]
• Kalanchoe delagoensis (†) (M) Eckl. et Zeyh.^[29]
• Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi (†) (M) Raym.-Hamet et Perrier^[29]
• Kalanchoe pinnata (†) (M) (Lam.) Pers. N^[29]
• Lagarosiphon major (†) (Ridley) Moss^[29]
• Lantana camara (†) L.^{[29][40]: 124}
• Lepidium didymum (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Leptospermum scoparium (†) (M) J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.^[29]
• Leucaena leucocephala (†) (M) (Lam.) De Wit^[29]
• Leycesteria formosa (†) (M) Wall.^[29]
• Lonicera japonica (†) Thunb.^[29]
• Ludwigia grandiflora (†) (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet^[29]
• Ludwigia peploides (†) (Kunth) Raven^[29]
• Ludwigia uruguayensis (†) (Cambess.) H.Hara^[29]
• Lycopersicon esculentum (†) (M) Mill. var. esculentum^[29]
• Lysichiton americanus (†) Hultén & St. John^[29]
• Malephora crocea (†) (M) (Jacq.) Schwantes^[29]
• Melinis repens (†) (M) (Willd.) Zizka^[29]
• Malvastrum coromandelianum (†) (M) (L.) Garcke^[29]
• Microstegium vimineum (†) (Trin.) A. Camus^[29]
• Myoporum tenuifolium G.Forster^{[29][40]: 125}
• Myriophyllum aquaticum (†) (Velloso) Verdc.^[29]
• Myriophyllum brasiliensis (†) Camb.^{[29][40]: 125}
• Myriophyllum heterophyllum (†) Michaux^[29]
• Nicotiana glauca (†) R.C. Graham^{[29][40]: 125}
• Nymphaea mexicana (†) Zucc.^[29]
• Opuntia elata (†) Salm-Dyck^[29]
• Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller^{[29][40]: 125}
• Opuntia maxima (†) Miller^[29]
• Opuntia subulata (†) (Muehlenpf.) Engelm (= Austrocylindropuntia subulata)^[29]
• Opuntia tuna (†) (M) (L.) Mill.^[29]
• Oxalis corniculata (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Oxalis pes-caprae (†) L.^{[29][40]: 125}
• Oxalis purpurea (†) L.^[29]
• Paraserianthes lophantha (†) (M) (Willd.) I.C. Nielsen [=Albizia lophantha (Vent) J.F. Macbr.]^[29]
• Parthenium hysterophorus (†) L.^[29]
• Paspalum paspalodes (†) (Michx) Scribner^[29]
• Paspalum vaginatum (†) Swartz^[29]
• Passiflora tripartita (†) (M) (Juss.) Poir. var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P. Jørg.^[29]
• Paulownia tomentosa (†) (Thunberg) Steudel^[29]
• Pelargonium inquinans (†) (M) (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait.^[29]
• Pennisetum purpureum (†) (M) Schum.^[29]
• Pennisetum setaceum (†) (Forssk.) Chiov.^[29]
• Pennisetum villosum (†) R. Br. ex Fresen^[29]
• Persicaria perfoliata (†) (L.) H. Gross (= Polygonum perfoliatum L.)^[29]
• Petroselinum crispum (†) (M) (Mill.) A.W. Hill^[29]
• Physalis peruviana (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Phytolacca americana (†) L.^[29]
• Pistia stratiotes (†) L.^[29]
• Pittosporum undulatum (†) Vent.^{[29][40]: 126}
• Podranea ricasoliana (†) (Tanfani) Sprague^[29]
• Polygonum capitatum (†) Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don^[29]
• Pueraria lobata (†) (Willdenow) Ohwi (= P. montana var lobata)^[29]
• Psidium cattleyanum (†) Sabine^[29]
• Reynoutria japonica Houtt.^{[29][40]: 126}
• Rhus coriaria (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Ricinus communis (†) L.^{[29][40]: 126}
• Robinia pseudoacacia (†) L.^{[29][40]: 126}
• Sagittaria latifolia (†) Willd.^[29]
• Salpichroa origanifolia (†) (M) (Lam.) Thell.^[29]
• Salvinia molesta (†) D.S. Mitchell^{[29][40]: 127}
• Senecio bicolor (†) (Willd.) Tod. ssp. cinerea (DC.) Chater^{[29][40]: 127}
• Senecio inaequidens (†) DC.^[29]
• Senecio mikanioides (†) (M) Otto ex Walp.^[29]
• Senecio petasitis (†) (M) (Sims) DC.^[29]
• Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth.^{[29][40]: 127}
• Setaria verticillata (†) (M) (L.) P. Beauv.^[29]
• Solanum lycopersicum (†) (M) L. var. lycopersicum^[29]
• Solanum mauritianum (†) Scop.^[29]
• Soleirolia soleirolii (†) (M) (Req.) Dandy^[29]
• Sorghum halepense (†) (L.) Pers.^[29]
• Spartina densiflora (†) Brongn.^{[29][40]: 128}
• Symphyotrichum subulatum (†) (M) (Michx.) G. L. Nesom var. squamatum (Spreng.) S. D. Sundb.^[29]
• Tamarix gallica (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Tetragonia tetragonioides (†) (M) (Pall.) Kuntze^[29]
• Tradescantia fluminensis (†) Velloso^{[29][40]: 128}
• Tradescantia zebrina (†) (M) Hort. ex Bosse Vollst.^[29]
• Tropaeolum majus (†) L.^[29]
• Ulex europaeus (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Ulex minor (†) (M) Roth^[29]
• Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso
• Verbena bonariensis (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Verbena rigida (†) (M) Spreng.^[29]
• Vinca major (†) (M) L.^[29]
• Zantedeschia aethiopica (†) (M) (L.) Spreng.^[29]