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List of papal conclaves

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List of papal conclaves
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For papal selection before 1059, see Papal selection before 1059.

Papal elections since 1276 have taken the form of conclaves, which are elections that follow a set of rules and procedures developed in In nomine Domini (1059), Ubi periculum (1274) and later papal bulls; observance of the conclave varied until 1294, but all papal elections since have followed relatively similar conclave procedures.[1]

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The first papal election following In nomine Domini (1059) took place in San Pietro in Vincoli ("Saint Peter in Chains") rather than Old St. Peter's Basilica due to intense secular opposition to the new papal selection process.

Although the cardinals have historically gathered at a handful of other locations within Rome and beyond, only five elections since 1455 have been held outside the Apostolic Palace.[2] Twenty-eight papal elections have been held outside Rome, in: Terracina (1088), Cluny (1119), Velletri (1181), Verona (1185), Ferrara (October 1187), Pisa (December 1187), Perugia (1216, 1264–1265, 1285, 1292–1294, 1304–1305), Anagni (1243), Naples (1254, 1294), Viterbo (1261, 1268–1271, July 1276, August–September 1276, 1277, 1281–1282), Arezzo (January 1276), Carpentras/Lyon (1314–1316), Avignon (1334, 1342, 1352, 1362, 1370), Konstanz (1417) and Venice (1799–1800). Three elections moved between locations while in progress: the elections of 1268–1271, 1292–1294, and 1314–1316.

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Papal elections

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Elections that elected papal claimants currently regarded by the Catholic Church as antipopes are italicized.
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SS. Pietro e Cesareo in Terracina, the site of the first papal election outside Rome
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The 1119 papal election took place in Cluny Abbey as a result of the expulsion of Pope Gelasius II from Rome by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor following the Investiture Controversy.
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Senator Matteo Rosso Orsini confined the cardinals to the Septizodium during the 1241 election.
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The Magistrates of Viterbo removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo during the 1268–71 election and removed two cardinal electors from the Palace during the 1280–81 election.
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The Palais des Papes, the site of most conclaves during the Avignon Papacy
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The Konstanz Minster, the site of the Council of Constance, the last papal election outside Italy
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The 1492 conclave was the first held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace, the site of all conclaves since 1878.
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All but five conclaves since 1455 have been held in the Apostolic Palace.
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The 1799–1800 conclave was held in San Giorgio Monastery in Venice, the last papal election site outside of Rome.
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The Quirinal Palace was the site of the four conclaves prior to the seizure of Rome by the forces of the Italian unification.
More information Election, Elected pope ...
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See also

Notes

  1. In the early days of the College of Cardinals, a total of seven cardinal-bishop positions existed, assuming all positions are filled at the time of an election, this represents the maximum number of potential electors. (Baumgartner, p. 27) By 1150, two of these posts had been combined, and until 1913 there were a total of 6 cardinal-bishops.
  2. According to the official protocol, Gregory was selected by an assembly in St. Peter that included cardinals and priests of the church, with the consent of attending bishops and by the acclamation of the crowd. It is unclear if the new 1059 rules were followed during his election. (Baumgartner p.24)
  3. The election took place on 24 May 1086. However, the newly elected Desiderius initially refused the position, only accepting it at the Synod of Capua in March 1087. He was crowned on 9 May 1087.
  4. Probably the first conclave that closely followed the 1059 rules. The group that elected Urban II was larger than that which had previously elected Victor III.
  5. The first election under the 1059 rules for which a detailed account exists. Four cadinal-bishops along with 45 other non-voting cardinals were present when Gelasius II was elected unanimously.
  6. Gelasius II was accompanied by 4 cardinal-bishops to France, where Gelasius died. The 4 cardinals elected his chosen successor. This marks the first election and coronation of a pope far away from Rome, and confirms the 1059 provision that a small number of cardinals could elect a pope under special circumstances.
  7. Following the death of Callixtus, the Pierleoni and Frangipani families fought over the papal election. The cardinals initially elected Celestine II (not to be confused with the later pope Celestine II), but under duress by the Frangipani renounced his election, and the Frangipani-supported Honorius II was chosen by acclaim. Honoris then renounced this irregular acclamation, and was elected using the proper procedure the next day, after the remaining electors had been either bought off or threatened by Frangipani forces.
  8. Innocent II was elected by a small group of cardinals supporting Haimeric, the cardinal instrumental in the election of Honorius.
  9. Anacletus was chosen by a majority of the 41 cardinals opposed to Haimeric. This marks a departure from the previous election under the 1059 rules, in which only the cardinal-bishops were eligible to vote. Despite Anacletus' stronger support among the cardinals, he failed to be recognized by the northern European monarchs, and died before his opponent innocent. Anacletus successor Victor submitted to Innocent within a year of his election, both have since been considered antipopes.
  10. elected "entirely consistent with the decree of 1059". Unclear if that means that only the small group of cardinal-bishops voted or the entire College of Cardinals.
  11. elected unanimously
  12. elected unanimously
  13. Alexander III received a majority of votes which was opposed by at least 5 other cardinals that went on to elect Victor IV as antipope. His electorate probably numbered around the 40, based on the preceding elections.
  14. Victor IV was chosen by a group of five cardinals loyal to the Holy Roman Emperor who objected to the election of Alexander III.
  15. elected unanimously
  16. The first conclave following the Third Lateran Council, which declared that all cardinals, not just the 6 (previously 7) cardinal-bishops were eligible to elect the pope. This had already been the de facto practice during some conclaves of the previous decades. Because Lucius III was chosen unanimously, the new rules requiring a two-thirds majority did not come into play yet.
  17. elected unanimously
  18. elected unanimously
  19. elected unanimously
  20. elected unanimously
  21. Innocent III died accompanied by only two other cardinals. The rest of the college tasked them with deciding on his successor, with one of the two being chosen, presumably without a formal vote taking place between the two.
  22. presumably one day
  23. The 18 cardinals tasked three of them with finding a candidate, the first refused and the second was chosen, it is unclear if a formal vote took place.
  24. Two cardinals had been captured by Emperor Frederick II. Because the electors were locked in while voting this can be considered the first conclave, though this did not become standard practice for another 3 decades. Celestine IV died 17 days into his pontificate, and the it took almost a year and a half for the cardinals to come together for the next conclave.
  25. Two of the cardinals were still captured, one died during the previous conclave, the other became Celestine IV and died.
  26. 11 December 1254 to 12 December 1254
  27. 26 May 1261 to 29 August 1261
  28. compare article
  29. 12 October 1264 to 5 February 1265
  30. One cardinal was in France and could not participate.
  31. 1 December 1268 to 1 September 1271
  32. According to Baumgartner it took only an hour.
  33. The 1294 conclave is the first of which contemporary documents describing the process survive
  34. elected unanimously
  35. elected unanimously
  36. 22 September 1362 to 28 September 1362. Clement VI's brother was elected on the first day but refused the office on health grounds.
  37. After receiving the votes of all 15 French cardinals, Gregory IX, nephew of Clement VI, was elected unanimously on the next ballot.
  38. 7 April 1378 to . 6 cardinals stayed in Avignon. Among those cardinals in Rome 11 were French, 4 Italian and 1 Spanish. A large roman mob surrounded the Vatican palace during the conclave, putting the cardinals under pressure to elect a Roman, or at least Italian, pope.
  39. Elected unanimously.
  40. Urban VI antagonized the cardinals so much that they declared the papacy vacant and proceeded to elected a new pope in Avignon. Urban had the support of the Roman populace and created new cardinals loyal to him. For the next 4 decades the papacy was split between Rome and Avignon.
  41. Elected unanimously.
  42. Elected unanimously, excluding Benedict himself, who at first refused the throne but the acquiesced.
  43. Elected unanimously.
  44. Elected unanimously.
  45. The Council of Constance instituted a maximum limit of 24 cardinals. Since Martin V recognized all the cardinals appointed by the various Antipopes, that number was only reached by 1426.
  46. 8 November 1417 to 9 November 1417. Cardinal Colonna received 15 votes on the second ballot, one short of the required two thirds majority. He was then selected by accession, unanimously.
  47. After Clements death, a single die-hard cardinal elected a successor named Benedict XIV, who died in 1447.
  48. This was the last conclave until 1958 in which non-Italians were a majority of the electorate.
  49. Elected by accession after the second ballot. The first ballot was held on the third day of the conclave.
  50. Elected by acclamation after the first ballot.
  51. The vote was unanimous, with Borgia voting for himself.
  52. This represents the largest group of cardinal-electors since the creation of the papal conclave. (Baumgartner, p. 87) (Ignoring some aberrations in the 12th century before the conclave format was fully established)
  53. 16 September 1503 – 22 September 1503
  54. 10 hours, according to Baumgartner
  55. The vote was unanimous, except for the future pope, who did not vote for himself.
  56. 30 December 1521 to 9 January 1522, one vote per day, with the final accession vote on the same day as the 11th scrutiny
  57. 1 October 1523 to 18 November 1523, the first scrutiny was held on 6 October.
  58. 11 October 1534 to 13 October 1534, no voting took place on the 11th.
  59. 29 November 1549 (19 days after Paull III death on 10 November) to 8 February 1550
  60. 14 March 1605 – 1 April 1605
  61. Leo XI and Cardinal Girolamo Agucchi both died, reducing the number of cardinals by two.
  62. 8 May 1605 to 16 May 1605
  63. 8 February 1621 to 9 February 1621
  64. Gregory was elected by acclamation after the front-runner of the first and only ballot, Robert Bellarmine declined the position.
  65. 19 July 1623 to 6 August 1623
  66. No conclave between 1667 and 1830 lasted for fewer than three weeks.
  67. 30 November 1799 to 14 March 1800
  68. 2 September 1823 to 28 September 1823
  69. 24 February 1829 to 31 March 1829
  70. 14 December 1830 to 2 February 1831. No conclave since has lasted for more than one week or taken more than 14 ballots.
  71. 14 June 1846 to 16 June 1846
  72. 18 February 1878 to 20 February 1878
  73. 31 July 1903 to 4 August 1903
  74. 31 August 1914 to 3 September 1914
  75. 2 February 1922 to 6 February 1922
  76. 1 March 1939 to 2 March 1939
  77. 25 October 1958 to 28 October 1958
  78. 19 June 1963 to 21 June 1963
  79. 25 August 1978 to 26 August 1978
  80. 14 October 1978 to 16 October 1978
  81. 18 April 2005 to 19 April 2005
  82. 12 March 2013 to 13 March 2013
  83. 7 May 2025 to 8 May 2025
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