List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol

As of June 2013, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to combat global warming. This total includes 191 states (189 United Nations member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and one supranational union (the European Union).^[1][2] Canada renounced the protocol effective 15 December 2012 and ceased to be a member from that date.

Participation in the Kyoto Protocol

  Annex B parties with binding targets in the second period

  Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but not the second

  non-Annex B parties without binding targets

  Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but which withdrew from the Protocol

  Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified

  Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol

With the Protocol's 2008-2012 commitment period expiring, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was agreed to, which establishes new commitments for the period 2013–2020. As of October 2020, 147 states have accepted this amendment.

Parties

Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that a state is legally bound by the provisions of the treaty. For Annex I parties (e.g. a developed state or one with an 'economy in transition') this means that it has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol.

Iceland was the 55th state to ratify, fulfilling the first condition for coming-into-force. With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty was brought into force, effective 16 February 2005. As of October 2020, 147 states have accepted the Doha amendment. It will enter into force as of 31 December 2020.

Party[2][3][4]	Annex[5]	% for ratification[6]	emissions limit (2012)[7][8]	emissions limit (2020)[9]	Signed	Ratification / Acceptance	Amendment acceptance	Notes
Afghanistan						25 March 2013		[10]
Albania						1 April 2005	22 October 2020
Algeria						16 February 2005	28 September 2015
Angola						8 May 2007	22 September 2020
Antigua and Barbuda					16 March 1998	3 November 1998	23 September 2016
Argentina					16 March 1998	28 September 2001	1 December 2015
Armenia						25 April 2003	31 March 2017
Australia	I, II	2.1%	+8%[a]	−0.5%	29 April 1998	3 December 2007	9 November 2016
Austria	I, II	0.4%	−8% (−13%)[b]	−20% (−16%)[c]	24 September 1998	31 May 2002	21 December 2017
Azerbaijan						28 September 2000	1 July 2015
Bahamas						9 April 1999	4 November 2015
Bahrain						31 January 2006
Bangladesh						22 October 2001	13 November 2013
Barbados						7 August 2000	14 August 2013
Belarus	I	-[d]	none[e][f]	−12%[g]		26 August 2005
Belgium	I, II	0.8%	−8% (−7.5%)[b]	−20% (−15%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	14 November 2017
Belize						26 September 2003	24 July 2018
Benin						25 February 2002	29 August 2018
Bhutan						26 August 2002	29 September 2015
Bolivia					9 July 1998	30 November 1999	17 September 2020
Bosnia and Herzegovina						16 April 2007
Botswana						8 August 2003	7 March 2016
Brazil					29 April 1998	23 August 2002	13 February 2018
Brunei						20 August 2009	14 November 2014
Bulgaria	I	0.6%	−8%[b]	−20% (+20%)[c][a]	18 September 1998	15 August 2002	21 December 2017
Burkina Faso						31 March 2005	29 November 2016
Burundi						18 October 2001
Cambodia						22 August 2002	17 November 2015
Cameroon						28 August 2002
Cape Verde						10 February 2006
Central African Republic						18 March 2008
Chad						18 August 2009
Chile					17 June 1998	26 August 2002	10 November 2015
China					29 May 1998	30 August 2002	2 June 2014	Hong Kong: applied since 8 April 2003  Macao: applied since 14 January 2008
Colombia						30 November 2001
Comoros						10 April 2008	7 September 2014
Democratic Republic of the Congo						23 March 2005
Republic of the Congo						12 February 2007	14 May 2015
Cook Islands					16 September 1998	27 August 2001	5 November 2018
Costa Rica					27 April 1998	9 August 2002	21 September 2016
Côte d'Ivoire						23 April 2007
Croatia	I[h]	-[i]	−5%[b]	−20% (+11%)[c]	11 March 1999	27 April 2007	21 December 2017
Cuba					15 March 1999	30 April 2002	28 December 2016
Cyprus	I[j]	-[k]	none[l][m][b]	−20% (−5%)[c]		16 July 1999	10 December 2015
Czech Republic	I[n][h]	1.2%	−8%[b]	−20% (+9%)[c][a]	23 November 1998	15 November 2001	21 December 2017
Denmark	I, II	0.4%	−8% (−21%)[b]	−20% (−20%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	21 December 2017	Greenland: applied  Faroe Islands: not applied
Djibouti						12 March 2002	23 September 2014
Dominica						25 January 2005	15 July 2019
Dominican Republic						12 February 2002	21 September 2016
Ecuador					15 January 1999	13 January 2000	20 April 2015
Egypt					15 March 1999	12 January 2005	3 February 2020
El Salvador					8 June 1998	13 January 2000	18 September 2019
Equatorial Guinea						16 August 2000
Eritrea						28 July 2005	3 May 2018
Estonia	I	0.3%	−8%[b]	−20% (+11%)[c][a]	3 December 1998	14 October 2002	21 December 2017
Ethiopia						14 April 2005	26 June 2015
European Union[o]	I, II	[p]	−8%[b]	−20%[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	21 December 2017	All ratifications of the 15 then-EU-members and the EU itself were deposited simultaneously. For the purpose of satisfying the entry-into-force conditions, the EU's ratification was not counted.[7]
Fiji					17 September 1998	17 September 1998	19 September 2017
Finland	I, II	0.4%	−8% (0%)[b][q]	−20% (−16%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	16 November 2017
France	I, II	2.7%	−8% (0%)[b][q]	−20% (−14%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	30 November 2017	French Guiana,  Guadeloupe,  Martinique,  Réunion: applied  French Polynesia,  New Caledonia,  Wallis and Futuna,  French Southern Territories,  Mayotte,  Saint Pierre and Miquelon: not applied
Gabon						12 December 2006	1 December 2017
Gambia						1 June 2001	7 November 2016
Georgia						16 June 1999	16 June 2020
Germany	I, II	7.4%	−8% (−21%)[b]	−20% (−14%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	14 November 2017
Ghana						30 May 2003	24 September 2020
Greece	I, II	0.6%	−8% (+25%)[b][a]	−20% (−4%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	21 December 2017
Grenada						6 August 2002	1 April 2015
Guatemala					10 July 1998	5 October 1999	15 October 2019
Guinea						7 September 2000	6 April 2016
Guinea-Bissau						18 November 2005	22 October 2018
Guyana						5 August 2003	23 December 2014
Haiti						6 July 2005
Honduras					25 February 1999	19 July 2000	11 April 2014
Hungary	I	0.5%	−6%[b]	−20% (+10%)[c][a]		21 August 2002	1 October 2015
Iceland	I, II	0.0%	+10%[a]	−20%[c]		23 May 2002	7 October 2015
India						26 August 2002	8 August 2017
Indonesia					13 July 1998	3 December 2004	30 September 2014
Iran						22 August 2005
Iraq						28 July 2009
Ireland	I, II	0.2%	−8% (+13%)[b][a]	−20% (−20%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	21 December 2017
Israel					16 December 1998	15 March 2004
Italy	I, II	3.1%	−8% (−6.5%)[b]	−20% (−13%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	18 July 2016
Jamaica						28 June 1999	1 October 2020
Japan	I, II	8.5%	−6%	none[r]	28 April 1998	4 June 2002
Jordan						17 January 2003	3 January 2020
Kazakhstan	I (dec.)[n][s]	-[k]	none[l][t]	−5%	12 March 1999	19 June 2009
Kenya						25 February 2005	7 April 2014
Kiribati						7 September 2000	11 February 2016
North Korea						27 April 2005
South Korea					25 September 1998	8 November 2002	27 May 2015
Kuwait						11 March 2005	8 May 2019
Kyrgyzstan						13 May 2003
Laos						6 February 2003	23 April 2019
Latvia	I	0.2%	−8%[b]	−20% (+17%)[c][a]	14 December 1998	5 July 2002	21 December 2017
Lebanon						13 November 2006
Lesotho						6 September 2000	18 January 2019
Liberia						5 November 2002	17 August 2015
Libya						24 August 2006
Liechtenstein	I[h]	0.0%	−8%	−16%	29 June 1998	3 December 2004	23 February 2015
Lithuania	I	-[i]	−8%[b]	−20% (+15%)[c][a]	21 September 1998	3 January 2003	22 November 2017
Luxembourg	I, II	0.1%	−8% (−28%)[b]	−20% (−20%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	21 September 2017
Madagascar						24 September 2003	1 October 2015
Malawi						26 October 2001	29 June 2017
Malaysia					12 March 1999	4 September 2002	12 April 2017
Maldives					16 March 1998	30 December 1998	1 July 2015
Mali					27 January 1999	28 March 2002	7 December 2015
Malta	I[u]	-[k]	none[l][m][b]	−20% (+5%)[c][a]	17 April 1998	11 November 2001	21 December 2017
Marshall Islands					17 March 1998	11 August 2003	7 May 2015
Mauritania						22 July 2005
Mauritius						9 May 2001	5 September 2013
Mexico					9 June 1998	7 September 2000	23 September 2014
Federated States of Micronesia					17 March 1998	21 June 1999	19 February 2014
Moldova						22 April 2003
Monaco	I[n][h]	0.0%	−8%	−22%	29 April 1998	27 February 2006	27 December 2013
Mongolia						15 December 1999	20 February 2019
Montenegro						4 June 2007	26 December 2018
Morocco						25 January 2002	5 September 2014
Mozambique						18 January 2005
Myanmar						13 August 2003	19 September 2017
Namibia						4 September 2003	17 February 2015
Nauru						16 August 2001	1 December 2014
Nepal						16 September 2005
Netherlands	I, II	1.2%	−8% (−6%)[b]	−20% (−16%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	22 November 2017	Aruba: not applied  Curaçao: not applied  Sint Maarten: not applied  Caribbean Netherlands: not applied
New Zealand[v]	I, II	0.2%	0%[q]	none[r]	22 May 1998	19 December 2002	30 November 2015	Tokelau: not applied
Nicaragua					7 July 1998	18 November 1999	3 July 2019
Niger					23 October 1998	30 September 2004	1 August 2018
Nigeria						10 December 2004	2 October 2020
Niue					8 December 1998	6 May 1999	10 December 2019
North Macedonia						18 November 2004	18 October 2019
Norway	I, II	0.3%	+1%[a]	−16%	29 April 1998	30 May 2002	12 June 2014
Oman						19 January 2005
Pakistan						11 January 2005	31 October 2017
Palau						10 December 1999	10 March 2015
Panama					8 June 1998	5 March 1999	29 September 2015
Papua New Guinea					2 March 1999	28 March 2002
Paraguay					25 August 1998	27 August 1999	21 February 2019
Peru					13 November 1998	12 September 2002	24 September 2014
Philippines					15 April 1998	20 November 2003	13 April 2016
Poland	I	3.0%	−6%[b]	−20% (+14%)[c][a]	15 July 1998	13 December 2002	28 September 2018
Portugal	I, II	0.3%	−8% (+27%)[b][a]	−20% (+1%)[c][a]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	22 November 2017
Qatar						11 January 2005	28 October 2020
Romania	I	1.2%	−8%[b]	−20% (+19%)[c][a]	5 January 1999	19 March 2001	3 May 2016
Russia	I	17.4%	0%[q]	none[r]	11 March 1999	18 November 2004
Rwanda						22 July 2004	20 November 2015
Saint Kitts and Nevis						8 April 2008	25 October 2016
Saint Lucia					16 March 1998	20 August 2003	20 November 2018
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines					19 March 1998	31 December 2004
Samoa					16 March 1998	27 November 2000	18 September 2015
San Marino						28 April 2010	4 August 2015
Sao Tome and Principe						24 July 2008
Saudi Arabia						31 January 2005
Senegal						20 July 2001	27 May 2020
Serbia						24 September 2007	30 June 2017
Seychelles					20 March 1998	22 July 2002	15 July 2015
Sierra Leone						10 November 2006	15 June 2020
Singapore						12 April 2006	23 September 2014
Slovakia	I[n][h]	0.4%	−8%[b]	−20% (+13%)[c][a]	26 February 1999	31 May 2002	16 November 2017
Slovenia	I[n][h]	-[i]	−8%[b]	−20% (+4%)[c][a]	21 October 1998	2 August 2002	21 December 2017
Solomon Islands					29 September 1998	13 March 2003	5 September 2014
Somalia						26 July 2010
South Africa						31 July 2002	7 May 2015
Spain	I, II	1.9%	−8% (+15%)[b][a]	−20% (−10%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	14 November 2017
Sri Lanka						3 September 2002	2 December 2015
Sudan						2 November 2004	3 February 2014
Suriname						25 September 2006
Swaziland						13 January 2006	21 September 2016
Sweden	I, II	0.4%	−8% (+4%)[b][a]	−20% (−17%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	14 November 2017
Switzerland	I, II	0.3%	−8%	−15.8%	16 March 1998	9 July 2003	28 August 2015
Syria						27 January 2006
Tajikistan						5 January 2009
Tanzania						26 August 2002
Thailand					2 February 1999	28 August 2002	1 September 2015
Timor-Leste						14 October 2008
Togo						2 July 2004	5 November 2018
Tonga						14 January 2008	5 November 2018
Trinidad and Tobago					7 January 1999	28 January 1999	6 August 2015
Tunisia						22 January 2003
Turkey	I[w]	-[d]	none[e]	none		28 May 2009		[51][52][53]
Turkmenistan					28 September 1998	11 January 1999
Tuvalu					16 November 1998	16 November 1998	4 December 2014
Uganda						25 March 2002	8 July 2015
Ukraine	I	-[i]	0%[q]	−24%	15 March 1999	12 April 2004
United Arab Emirates						26 January 2005	26 April 2013
United Kingdom	I, II	4.3%	−8% (−12.5%)[b]	−20% (−16%)[c]	29 April 1998	31 May 2002	17 November 2017	Guernsey and Isle of Man, applied since 4 April 2005; Gibraltar, since 2 January 2007; Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Jersey, since 7 March 2007. Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied
Uruguay					29 July 1998	5 February 2001	12 September 2018
Uzbekistan					20 November 1998	12 October 1999
Vanuatu						17 July 2001	15 March 2018
Venezuela						18 February 2005	1 March 2018
Vietnam					3 December 1998	25 September 2002	22 June 2015
Yemen						15 September 2004
Zambia					5 August 1998	7 July 2006	22 August 2019
Zimbabwe						30 June 2009	20 April 2016
Totals	I: 38 + EU II: 21+EU	33 (63.9%)	-%: 31 (24) 0%: 3 (5) +%: 3 (8)			192 (incl. EU)	147

Former parties

Country	Annex[5]	% for ratification[6]	emissions limit (2012)[7]	emissions limit (2020)[9]	Signed	Ratification/Acceptance	Amendment acceptance	Notes
Canada	I, II	3.3%	−6%	none[x]	29 April 1998	17 December 2002		Withdrew 15 December 2011, effective 15 December 2012.[54] (See Canada and the Kyoto Protocol)

Signatory

Country	Annex[5]	% for ratification[6]	emissions limit (2012)[7]	emissions limit (2020)[9]	Signed	Notes
United States	I, II	36.1%	−7%	none[x]	12 November 1998

Not signatories or parties

As of 2022 there are four UN member states or observers which are not party to the protocol, all of which are members of the UNFCCC: Andorra, Holy See, Palestine, South Sudan.^[55]

Notes

1. Maximum increase allowed.
2. The 15 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol each agreed to a reduction target of −8% under Annex B, as did the European Communities as a whole. A declaration was made upon ratifacation that an agreement had been reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the Protocol, as permitted by Article 4 of the Protocol.^[3][11] Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.^[8] The specific EU imposed targets are listed in brackets. The 13 member states that entered the union later did not participate in this joint agreement, and retained their individual Kyoto targets (if applicable).^[19]
3. The 27 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment, in addition to Croatia, which subsequently acceded to the EU, and Iceland each agreed to a reduction a target of −20% under the amended Annex B, as did the European Union as a whole. An agreement was subsequently reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the amended Protocol.^[20] Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.^[21][22][23]
4. Emissions of states listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol,^[11] which were thus not permitted to sign the Protocol, were not included in the totals for entry into force for the Protocol.
5. States listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not eligible sign the Protocol and were not listed in Annex B.
6. A proposal to amend Annex B to list Belarus as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction for the first commitment period of −8% was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2006,^[12][13][14] but did not enter into force prior to the end of the commitment period in 2012 due to not being ratified by a sufficient number of states.^[15]
7. Belarus was added to Annex B with the Doha Amendment.^[9]
8. At their request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 1998 added Croatia, Liechtenstein, Monaco and Slovenia to Annex I, while the Czech Republic and Slovakia replaced Czechoslovakia, from which they had seceded in 1993, in Annex I.^[6][16][5]
9. Emissions of Annex I parties to the UNFCCC that had not yet submitted their first national communication to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emission inventory at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not included in the figure for entry into force of the protocol.^{[6][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]}
10. At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2013 added Cyprus to Annex I.^[17][18][5]
11. Emissions not included in the figure for entry into force of the Protocol because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.
12. Not listed in Annex B because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.
13. As they were not listed in Annex I when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted, Cyprus and Malta were not listed in Annex B. However, following their accession to the European Union they were obliged to participate in the EU ETS. Both took on targets under the Doha Amendment.^[9]
14. Monaco (1992), the Czech Republic (1995), Slovakia (1996), Slovenia (1998) and Kazakhstan (2000)^[24] submitted declarations under Article 4.2 (g) of the UNFCCC, which as per Article 1.7 of the Kyoto Protocol means that they are treated as Annex I states under the Kyoto Protocol.^[11] All of these states except Kazakhstan have since been added to Annex I of the UNFCCC by an amendment to the convention.
15. All 28 EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC individually, in addition to their common representation through the EU.
16. As per Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol, "any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members of the organization."^[7]
17. No increase allowed but no reduction required – emissions should stay at their 1990 level.
18. Japan, New Zealand and Russia were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but were not assigned any emission reduction limits under the Doha Amendment for the second commitment period.^[9]
19. Kazakhstan proposed in 1999 that Annex I be amended to include it,^[25] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC as no consensus could be reached on the matter.^[26][27][24]
20. Kazakhstan proposed in 2009 that Annex B be amended to include it as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction commitment of 0%,^[28][29] and latter indicated it was willing to accept a -6% limit,^[30] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC.^{[31][32][33][34][35]}
21. At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2010 added Malta to Annex I.^[36][5]
22. The states in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Niue have their own separate memberships in the UNFCCC.
23. Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC. It refused to ratify the Convention, as it objected to its listing in the annexes. In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey.^[44][45] Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal,^[46][47][26] a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II.^{[48][27][49][24][50][5]}
24. Canada and the United States were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but as they were not parties to the Kyoto Protocol at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment they were removed from Annex B.^[9]