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List of privatizations by country
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This list of privatizations provides links to notable and/or major privatizations.
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Privatisation by country
Argentina
- Aerolíneas Argentina (1990) – former national carrier; renationalized in 2009.
- Agua y Energía Eléctrica (1992–95) – national electricity production company; partitioned and sold.
- Buenos Aires Underground (1994) – given under concession but still owned by the State.
- Empresa Nacional de Correos y Telégrafos (ENCoTel, 1997) – given under concession as Correo Argentino. Re-nationalized in 2003.
- ENTel (national telecommunications company, 1990) – partitioned and sold to France Télécom and to Spanish Telefónica.
- Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA, 1995) – sold to Lockheed Martin.
- Ferrocarriles Argentinos (1991–95) – railway lines all over the country (partially re-nationalized).
- Gas del Estado (1992) – national gas company partitioned and sold, among others, to the Spanish Gas Natural company Naturgy.
- Obras Sanitarias de la Nación (water company, 1992–93) - given under concession to the French conglomerate Suez, which operated it under the name Aguas Argentinas; re-nationalized in 2006 as Aguas y Saneamientos Argentinos (AySA).
- Segba (1992) - partitioned and given under concession to Edesur, Edenor and Edelap.
- Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF, 1991–92) – national oil-company sold to the Spanish Repsol. The Argentinian government in 2004 set up a new state oil company (Enarsa) from scratch, which proved of no use. In 2012, the Argentine Government expropriated 51% of the shares of YPF owned by Repsol.
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Australia
- Commonwealth Oil Refineries 1952 Under Liberal
- Optus 1985 Under Labor
- Commonwealth Bank of Australia 1991 Under Labor
- Qantas 1993 Under labor
- Commonwealth Serum Laboratories 1994 Under Labor
- Electricity and natural gas supply companies in Victoria 1995 Under Liberal
- Telstra 1997 Under Liberal
- Public transport in Melbourne 1999 Under Liberal
- Electricity Trust of South Australia 1999 Under Liberal
- Sydney Airport 2002 Under Liberal
- Medibank 2014 Under Liberal
- Commonwealth Industrial Gases
- Government Cleaning Service in New South Wales
- Government Insurance Office in New South Wales
- Government Printing Service in New South Wales
- State-owned betting-agencies in most states Under Liberal and Labor
- Many long-distance and urban passenger railway services Under Liberal and Labor
- All freight railway services Under Liberal and Labor
- Most State-owned banks Under Liberal and Labor
Austria
Summarize
Perspective
Source:[1]
1950s
- Soviet Mineral Oil Administration (1955; partial privatization — a small portion of oil companies returned to Western owners; the majority transferred to the newly established state-owned OMV)[2]
- Creditanstalt (1956–1997)
- Länderbank (1957; partial privatization — 40% of shares sold to private investors: 30% were non-voting preference shares, while the 10% voting shares were allocated to institutions affiliated with the SPÖ and ÖVP)[3]
1970s
1980s
- Lenzing AG (1985–1990s; the privatization process began with its listing on the Vienna Stock Exchange — full state ownership was phased out during the 1990s)[5]
- OMV (1987-96; government retains 31.5%)
- Berndorfer Metallwarenfabrik (1988; fully privatised through a management buyout)[6]
- Verbund (1988; partial privatization through IPO — 49% of shares were listed on the Vienna Stock Exchange, the government retained 51%)[7]
1990s
- Simmering-Graz-Pauker (1992–1994; the company is now part of Siemens)
- voestalpine (1992-2005)
- Voest-Alpine Eisenbahntechnik (1992–94; privatized in stages — became VAE, which was jointly acquired by voestalpine and Vossloh in 1998; fully owned by voestalpine by 2003 and now operates as voestalpine Railway Systems)[8]
- VA Technologie (1994-2005; partial privatisation began with IPO in 1994 — additional shares sold in 2003 and 2005; acquired by Siemens in 2005 and later integrated into Primetals Technologies)
- Böhler-Uddeholm (1995–2003; IPO in 1995 — gradual reduction of state stake until full privatization by 2003)
- Voest-Alpine Stahl AG (1995-2003; initial tranche of 31.7% sold in 1995 — further shares were divested in 2001 and 2003, completing full privatization)
- VA Bergtechnik (1996)
- Voest-Alpine Erzberg (2004)
- Austria Mikro Systeme International (1993–94; now operates as AMS-Osram)
- A.S.A. Abfall Service (1993; fully privatized through sale to Électricité de France — acquired by FCC Group in 2005 and now operates as FCC Austria)[9]
- AT&S (1994)
- Schoeller-Bleckmann Oilfield Equipment (1995)
- Schoeller-Bleckmann Edelstahlrohr GesmbH (1995)
- Bernhard Steinel Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH (1995)
- Weiler Werkzeugmaschinen (1995)
- GIWOG-Wohnbaugruppe (1996)
- Vamed (1996; government retained 13% until 2024)
- AMAG Austria Metall AG (1996)
- Salinen Austria (1997)
- Mobilkom Austria (1997)
- Wiener Boerse (1999)[10]
- Bank Austria (1997–98)
- Austria Tabak (1997, 1999, 2001)
2000s
- Österreichische Postsparkasse (2000)
- Telekom Austria (2000–2006; privatisation began with an IPO in 2000 — additional tranches were sold over the following years, and the state retained a minority stake of 28.42% after 2006)
- Vienna International Airport (2000, 2001; regional governments of Vienna and Lower Austria retain 40%)
- Österreichische Staatsdruckerei (2000)
- Dorotheum (2001)
- Österreichischer Bundesverlag (2002; was a formerly state-owned educational publisher, responsible for producing school textbooks and other educational materials; today it's part of Klett Gruppe.)[11][12]
- Strohal Rotations Druck (2002)
- BMG Metall und Recycling (2004)
- BUWOG (2004; privatised through sale to Immofinanz — later spun off and acquired by Vonovia, becoming part of the largest residential property group in Europe)
- Austrian Post (2006; government retains 52.8%)
- Bank Burgenland (2006; the regional state bank owned by the state of Burgenland was sold to GRAWE)[13]
- Austrian Airlines (2009; acquired by Lufthansa Group)
2010s
- Funkhaus Wien (2016)[14]
2020s
- EuroTeleSites (2023; partial privatization through IPO - A1 Telekom Austria Group spun off its radio tower division and listed it on the Vienna Stock Exchange ; the state retains an indirect stake via ÖBAG)[15]
- Vamed (2024; government sold its remaining 13% to Fresenius)[16]
- Wiener Lokalbahnen Cargo (since 2025; ongoing divestment process — Wiener Stadtwerke announced in 2025 that it intends to sell its freight transport subsidiary WLC; the process is expected to conclude within the year)[17]
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Bahrain
- Bahrain Telecommunications Co. (Q1 2005, $800 million)
Bolivia
Brazil
- Banco do Estado do Maranhão S.A
- Banespa
- BB Turismo
- CEDAE
- CELMA
- CSN
- Eletrobras
- Embraer
- Embratel
- Light
- Petrobras Distribuidora
- RFFSA
- Sabesp
- Terminal Pesqueiro de Manaus
- Terminal Pesqueiro de Vitória
- Telebrás
- Usiminas
- Vale do Rio Doce
- VASP
Canada
- Teleglobe (1987) – an international telco carrier
- Air Canada (1988)
- Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (1989)
- Telus (1991), formerly Alberta Government Telephones
- Petro-Canada (1991)
- Nova Scotia Power (1992)
- Canadian National Railway (1995)
- Saskatchewan Wheat Pool (1996)
- Manitoba Telecom Services or MTS (1996)
- Highway 407 (1999) – leased to private operators
- Ontario Hydro (1999) – only partially privatized with Hydro One and Ontario Power Generation, a publicly owned company and crown corporation respectively
- Uranium industry in Saskatchewan
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Chile
- CAP S.A.
- Chilectra
- Colbún S.A.
- CTC
- Enaex
- Empremar
- Endesa
- Entel
- Esval
- IANSA
- Lan Airlines
- Pension Funds (AFP)
- Soquimich
Czechoslovakia
- Virtually everything after the Velvet Revolution in 1989; see voucher privatization for details.
Egypt
- The Shebin spinning and weaving factory in Menoufia in the Nile Delta was on strike against/locked out by its new non-Egyptian owners in the wake of the 2011 revolution. Workers and maybe the military now in control of the state were favoring re-nationalization, according to one report. "[L] iberal economic policy is tarred with [the old regime's] corruption," said Michael Wahid Hanna, in Cairo for the U.S.-based Century Foundation.[18] Indorama, the new Indonesian/Thai[19] owner of Shebin,[20] was not quoted in the report. Looking further back to 2000, "well considered public spinners" Shebin El Kom and STIA, were then considered to have a "redundant labor problem ... [but] would otherwise be attractive privatization buying or leasing opportunities for private investors."[21] In 2011, STIA, also known as El Nasr Wool & Selected Textiles, of Alexandria, remained "one of the largest public sector textiles companies."[22]
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Finland
France
1980s
- Compagnie Générale d'Electricité became Alcatel (1987)
- Havas (1987)
- IN Groupe (1993)
- Matra (1988)
- Paribas – privatized in 1987 and merged with BNP to form BNP Paribas
- Saint-Gobain – created in 1665 by minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert; privatized in 1986
- Société Générale privatized in 1987
- Suez – privatized and merged with the stated-owned Gaz de France (GDF) in 2008 to form GDF Suez
- TF1 – first TV channel of France, privatized in 1987
1990s
- France Télécom (1998)
- Arcelor (1995)
- Assurances Générales de France (1996)
- Groupe Bull (1997)
- CNP Assurances (1998)
- Compagnie générale transatlantique (1996) – merged with CMA to form CMA-CGM
- Crédit Industriel et Commercial (1998)
- Crédit local de France (1991)
- Le Crédit Lyonnais (1999)
- Elf Aquitaine – privatized in 1994; absorbed by Total
- Eramet (1999)
- Gan (1998)
- Pechiney (1995)
- Renault (1996) – the French state still have 15.01% of the shareholding
- SEITA (1995) – now Altadis
- Total
- Union des Assurances de Paris (1994)
2000s
- Aéroports de Paris – the French State remains the major shareholder: 52%
- Air France – opening shareholding open in 1999. Merged with KLM and merged to form: Air France-KLM (as 2004, the French State remain 44%). As of 2012, the French State remains 15.8%.[23]
- Credit Lyonnais (a bank ;– privatized in 2001)
- Électricité de France (EDF) (in December 2005 France sold 30% of EDF)
- French Highway Concession
- A'lienor – sold to Eiffage (65%) and Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France (35%)
- Alis – sold to Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France
- Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie – sold to Vinci
- Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France – sold to Abertis (52,5%); the rest is owned by other investors
- Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône – sold to Eiffage
- Autoroutes du Sud de la France – sold to Vinci
- Arcour – sold to Vinci
- Atlandes – sold to Colas Group (subsidiaries of Bouygues) and other investors
- Cofiroute – sold to Vinci
- Gaz de France (GDF) – Prime minister Dominique de Villepin announced a merger between GDF and Suez; since the state owns 80% of GDF, a privatization of GDF would require the passing of a new law; the state would control only 34% of the capital of the new group: see commentary.
- Orange S.A. (formerly France Télécom) (the French State has owned under 50% of Orange since September 2004) – the French State remains (including ERAP): 26,94%
- Pages Jaunes (Yellow Pages) (in 2004 France sold 32% of Pages Jaunes for €1.25 billion)
- Snecma (in 2004 France sold 35% of Snecma for €1.45 billion)
- Société nationale industrielle aérospatiale (2000) – merged with DASA and CASA to form the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company
- Thomson Multimédia
- Thomson Multimédia – now Technicolor
- Thomson-CSF – now Thales Group; the French State remains 27%
- SNCM (Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée) – ferry-company; privatized at the end of 2005; the French State remains 25% in SNCM
2010s
- Française des Jeux (FDJ) – in 2019 the French State sold off around 50% of its shares retaining 20%[24][25]
Germany
- 1921: UFA
- 1960: Volkswagen Group[26] (the Lower Saxony still retains an 11.8% stake[27])
- 1965-87: VEBA[28] (now part of E.ON)
- 1966-97: Lufthansa[29]
- 1986-88: VIAG[30] (now part of E.ON)
- Deutsche Bundespost became in January 1995:
- Deutsche Post – the state owns 16.45% through the KfW.[31]
- Deutsche Telekom – the state still owns 27.8%, partly direct and partly through the KfW.[32]
- Deutsche Postbank – in 2004 the state floated a minority stake for €2.5 billion
Ghana
Guinea
Greece
- DESFA – On 20 December 2018, a consortium formed by Snam (60%), Enagás (20%) and Fluxys (20%) completed the acquisition of a 66% stake in DESFA for an amount of €535 million.
- Hellenic Petroleum – Starting from the 1990s, the Greek Government gradually sold its shares in the company, and currently owns only 35.5% of the shares.
- Hellenic Vehicle Industry (ELVO) – In December 2020, 79% of the shares were acquired by an Israeli consortium formed by Plasan and SK Group. The Hellenic state continues to retains 21% of the shares.
- Olympic Airways – at first, then Olympic Airlines; the Hellenic State attempted to privatise the ailing airlines five times, more or less, from 2004 onwards. The company was folded and re-created in 2009, and privatized in 2012, under the supervision of the EU and IMF, as it was part of the debt-restructuring process of 2012.
- OPAP (Lottery and Betting Monopoly) – privatization completed in 2013, when the last remaining government-owned stock was sold[33]
- OTE (Οργανισμός Τηλεπικοινωνιών Ελλάδος / Hellenic Telecommunications Company) – became partly privatised in the 1990s, when its only shareholder at the time, the Hellenic State, reduced its share of the company to 36%. Since May 2018, Deutsche Telekom owns 45% of the shares, and the Hellenic State has retained 5%.
- Piraeus Port Authority – In April 2016, HRADF sold 51% of Piraeus Port Authority to the COSCO Group.
- Public Power Corporation – In 2001, PPC carried out a share flotation on the Athens Stock Exchange and consequently was no longer wholly owned by the government, although it was still controlled by it with a 51.12% stake until 2021. The company was privatised in November 2021, when the Greek government decreased its shareholding to 34.12% and transferred it to the Greek sovereign wealth fund, the Hellenic Corporation of Assets and Participations (HCAP).
- Thessaloniki Port Authority – In March 2018, an international consortium acquired 67% of the shares, with the Hellenic State retaining 7.27%.
- TrainOSE – It was acquired in September 2017 by the Italian railway company, Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane.
Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Mail Service
- Link REIT
- MTR Corporation
Honduras
Iceland
- Búnaðarbanki Íslands hf – privatized in 1999–2003
- Landsbanki Íslands hf – privatized in 1999–2003
- Landssími Íslands hf – privatized in 2005
- Skýrr hf – privatized in 1997–1998
India
- Air India – sold to Tata Group in 2020
- Bharat Aluminium Company – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2000
- CMC Limited – sold to Tata Consultancy Services in 2001
- Lagan Engineering – in 2001
- Hindustan Zinc Limited – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2001[34]
- Maruti Udyog Limited later became a joint venture between Suzuki and Government of India, now known as Maruti Suzuki
- Modern Food Industries – sold to Hindustan Unilever in 2000
- Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited – sold to Tata Group in 2002
- Jessop & Company – sold to Ruia Group in 2003
- Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited – sold to Reliance Industries
- Hindustan Petroleum - sold to Oil and Natural Gas Corporation in 2017
- IDBI Bank - 51% majority sold to LIC in 2019
- Following Airports:
- Jaipur International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
- Cochin International Airport
- Mangalore International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
- Thiruvananthapuram International Airport – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
- Indira Gandhi International Airport - Delhi – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by GMR Group
- Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport - Lucknow – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
- Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by GMR Group
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - Mumbai – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport - Ahmedabad – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
- Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport - Guwahati – owned and operated by public–private consortium led by Adani Group
Indonesia
- Aneka Gas Industri (partially sold to Messer Group and PT Tira Austenite in 1996, fully sold to Samator Gas in 2004)
- Indosat (sold to Temasek Holdings in 2002–2003)
Iran
Iraq
- (planned) most industries except oil, at the behest of the United States-sponsored government
Ireland
- ACCBank – sold to Rabobank
- Aer Lingus – floated on the stock market
- AIB – after the 2008 financial crisis, the bank was nationalised; he Irish Government still retains a 12.5 % stake.
- British and Irish Steampacket Company Limited – sold to Irish Continental Group
- Cablelink – sold to NTL Ireland; formerly held 50/50 by Telecom Éireann and Raidió Teilifís Éireann, both state-owned at the time
- ICC Bank – sold to Bank of Scotland
- Irish Life – sold to Irish Permanent
- Irish National Petroleum Corporation – all assets sold to ConocoPhillips, still exists in law
- Irish Steel – acquired by affiliates of Ispat Steel
- Irish Sugar – floated on stock market as Greencore; state retains one share for veto purposes
- Nítrigin Éireann – sold to its other shareholder in Irish Fertiliser Industries, Richardsons, final firm called IFI, no longer exists
- Telecom Éireann – floated on the stock market
- TSB Bank – bought by Irish Life and Permanent from the Government of Ireland in 2001
Israel
- Bezeq
- El Al
- Bank Hapoalim
- Bank Leumi (partial)
- Israel Chemicals
- Israel Discount Bank (partial)
- RAFAEL Armament Development Authority (partial)
- Zim Integrated Shipping Services
Italy
- INA Assitalia
- ITA Airways acquired by Lufthansa Group
- Enel S.p.A. (1999 32% €16.6 billion, 2003 6.6% €2.2 billion, 2004 20% €7.5 billion)[35]
- Eni
- IRI (among which are Autostrade s.p.a., Credito Italiano)
- Telecom Italia
- Terna (Enel sold 43.5% for €1.48 billion in June 2004)[36]
Japan
- Japan Airlines
- Japan Highway Public Corporation (only converted into three regional joint-stock companies which are all remaining wholly state-owned)
- Japan Post (half-privatized; the state must by law own one-third)
- Japan Railways Group (formerly Japanese National Railways)
- Japan Tobacco (the state must by law own one-third)
- New Tokyo International Airport Authority (Narita Airport) (only converted into joint-stock company which remains wholly state-owned)
- Nippon Express
- Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (the state must by law own one-third)
Jordan
- Aramex International (Q1 2005, 75% for $150–200 million)
- Jordan Telecom
- Queen Alia International Airport
South Korea
- Korea Electric Power (KEPCO; half-privatized)
- Korea Telecom
- KOGAS
- KT&G (Korea Tobacco & Ginseng)
- POSCO (Pohang Iron & Steel)
Kuwait
- Kuwait Finance House (November 2004, 25% of the company for $1 billion)
Malaysia
- Johor Water Corporation
- Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad – national railway company
- Malaysia Airlines
- Malaysia Airports Holdings
- Pasir Gudang Local Authority
- Pos Malaysia – national postal services
- Senai International Airport
- Telekom Malaysia
- Tenaga National Berhad – national electricity-generation and distribution
Mexico
1,150 public companies, including banks, railroads, the telephone company, mines, roads, TV stations, ports, airports, airlines, sugar mills, and retirement funds.
Morocco
Netherlands
- PTT, the mail and telecom company
New Zealand
- Air New Zealand – privatized in 1989, subsequently rescued by the Government of New Zealand in 2001
- Auckland Airport
- Bank of New Zealand – semi-privatized in 1987; rescued by the Crown in 1990; sold off in 1992
- Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (ECNZ) – part of which became privatized as Contact Energy in the period 1995–1998
- Government Print
- Ministry of Works and Development
- Natural Gas Corporation (NGC), ultimately absorbed into Vector Limited
- New Zealand Steel – privatized from 1987, now part of BlueScope
- The Post Office Savings Bank (POSB) – bought by the ANZ Bank in 1989
- Telecom New Zealand – privatized in 1990
- New Zealand Rail Limited – privatized in 1993, became Tranz Rail Limited in 1995; the government subsequently repurchased the track lease
- various council-controlled organisations formerly owned by territorial authorities: see also Local Authority Trading Enterprises (LATEs)
Norway
- Arcus (sold to Sucra in 2001)
- Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse (sold to Nordea in 2000)
- DnB NOR (floated on the stock market in 1995, government retains 34%)
- Finnmark Fylkesrederi og Ruteselskap (sold to Veolia Transport Norge in 2003)
- Fredrikstad Energi (49% sold to Fortum)
- Kongsberg Gruppen (floated on the stock market in 1993, government retains 50%)
- Norsk Medisinaldepot (sold to Celesio in 2001)
- NSB Gods (now CargoNet, partially sold to Green Cargo in 2002, NSB retains 55%)
- Oslo Energi (parts merged with Hafslund)
- Postbanken (merged with DnB NOR in 1999)
- Statkorn (floated on the stock market as Cermaq in 2000, government retains 44%)
- Statoil (floated on the stock market in 2001, government retains 71%)
- Telenor (floated on the stock market in 2000, government retains 54%)
- TrønderBilene (66% sold to Fosen Trafikklag in 1999)
- Østfold Energi (parts sold to Fortum in 2001)
- Årdal og Sunndal Verk (merged with Norsk Hydro in 1986)
Pakistan
- National Refinery Limited (acquired by Attock Group of Companies in July 2005)
- Pakistan Telecom sold out to Eitisalat in 2006.
Peru
- AeroPeru – Peruvian Air Transport Enterprise (sold to Aeroméxico in 1993, closed in 1999)
- ENATRU – National Urban Transport Enterprise (sold to the employees)
- Empresa Regional de Servicio Público de Electricidad del Sur Medio – ELECTRODUNAS (Sold to HICA)
- SIDERPERU (Sold to Sider Corporation S.A)
- PESCAPERU – Fishing National Enterprise
- MINEROPERU – Peruvian National Mining Company
- Tintaya (sold to Magma Copper Corporation)
- Ilo Mining (sold to Southern Peru Copper Corporation, and since 2018 is part of Grupo Mexico)
- Centromin – Mining of Central Peru
- Hierro Peru (Sold to Shougang Group)
- National Company of Gas – SOL GAS (sold to Repsol)
- EDEGEL (sold to Endesa in 1996, since 2016 is part of Enel)
- ENAFER (Parts of Peru Rail, Fetransa and FCCA)
- CPT – ENTEL (Sold to Telefonica in 1994)
- EDELNOR (sold to Endesa in 1994, since 2016 is part of Enel)
- EDELSUR (sold to Sempra Energy in 1994, since 2019 is part of CTG)
- Banco Continental del Peru (Sold to BBV and since 1999 part of BBVA)
- Inter bank (Part of Banco Internacional del Peru)
Philippines
- Manila Hotel – was acquired by the Insular Government through the Manila Railroad Company in 1919, re-privatized in 1995.[37]
- Metro Manila Transit Corporation – split into four private companies in the 1990s.[38]
- National Sugar Trading Corporation (NASUTRA) – Former state monopoly, split in 1986 into its various predecessors.[39]
- Philippine National Bank – 1989–2005[40]
- Radio Philippines Network – 80% privatized since 2014.[41]
Poland
Portugal
- ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal (Portuguese airports)
- CIMPOR
- CTT – Portuguese post
- EDP – Energia de Portugal
- Fidelidade – the insurance part of the CGD public bank
- Galp Energia – national petroleum company
- Portugal Telecom – national telecommunications company
- REN – Rede Eléctrica Nacional
- TAP – airline
Qatar
- Qatargas (now QatarEnergy LNG) – liquefied natural gas company (Q1 2005, 50% for $600 million)
Romania
- Rompetrol – petroleum company (1993 & 1998)
- Ursus Breweries – beer brewer and distributor (1996)
- Romcim (now Lafarge Romania) – industrial materials company (1997)
- Casial Hunedoara (now HeidelbergCement Romania) – industrial materials company (1997)
- Romtelecom (now Telekom Romania) – telecommunications company (1998 & 2003)
- BRD – Groupe Société Générale – bank (1999)
- Automobile Dacia – car manufacturer (1999)
- Astra Rail Industries – rail vehicle manufacturer (1999 & 2000)
- Petromidia Refinery – oil refinery (2000)
- Sidex (now ArcelorMittal Galați) – steelworks (2001)
- Alro – aluminium company (2002)
- Petrom – petroleum company (2004)
- Banca Comercială Română – bank (2003 & 2006)
- Electrica – electricity distributor (2006, 2008 & 2014)
- Automobile Craiova (now Ford Romania) – car manufacturer (2007)
Russia
A wide-scale privatization program was launched in 1992–1994, using a voucher privatization scheme; from 1995, a monetary scheme was used.
- Gazprom (1994)
- LUKoil (1995)
- Mechel (1995)
- MMC Norilsk Nickel (1995)
- Novolipetsk Steel (1995)
- Surgutneftegaz (1995)
- YUKOS (1995)
Saudi Arabia
- Al-Bilad Bank (2008, 50%)
- Bank Al-Inma (2008, 70%)
- Government Hotels (2005, 100% of King Abdullah International Convention Centre in Jeddah and Ritz Carlton in Riyadh)
- Maaden (2008, 50%)
- National Commercial Bank (2014, 25%)
- Riyad Bank (2008, 58%)
- SABIC (1984, 30%)
- Saudi Arabian Airlines (2006, split into 10 business units, 5 of which were privatized)
- Saudi Electric Company (2000, 26%)
- Saudi Ports (1997, 27 management contracts were given out to various ports around the Kingdom)
- Saudi Real Estate Company (2003, 50%)
- Saudi Telecom Company (2002, 30%)
Singapore
- Port of Singapore Authority (1997)
- Post Office Savings Bank (bought by DBS Bank in 1998 and rebranded as POSBank)
- Singapore Broadcasting Corporation (1994, as the Television Corporation of Singapore; later renamed MediaCorp in 2001) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
- Singapore Post – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
- Singapore Power – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
- Singapore Telecommunications (1992) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms
Slovakia
South Africa
Spain
- Aceralia
- Argentaria
- ENDESA (1988–1998)
- Gas Natural
- Iberia Airlines (2001)
- Indra
- Red Electrica de España
- Repsol (1989–1997)
- Retevision
- SEAT (1986)
- Tabacalera
Sweden
1980s
1990s
- AssiDomän
- Celsius
- Cementa
- Enator
- Företagskapital
- Industrikredit AB
- Lantbrukskredit AB
- Nordbanken (partial)
- OK Petroleum
- Pharmacia
- Pharmacia & Upjohn
- SAKAB
- SAQ Kontrol
- SBL Vaccin
- SEMKO
- SSAB (wholly privatised in 1994)
- Stadshypotek AB
- Svalöf Weibull AB
- Svensk Fastighetsvärdering
- Svenska Statens Språkresor AB
- Swedish Real Estate Valuation Corp
- VPC AB
2000s
- Celsius AB
- Grängesbergs Gruvor
- Kurortsverksamhet
- Nordbanken
- OMX – stock exchange – shares sold to Borse Dubai for 2.1 billion SEK.[42]
- SAKAB
- SGAB
- Svenska Lagerhus
- Svenska
- Vin & Sprit – sold to Pernod Ricard for 5.626 billion euro[43]
2010s
Planned privatisations
Tanzania
Turkey
(Listing Scope >US $10 M.)[49]
1980s
- Ankara Çimento
- Ansan-Meda
- Balikesi̇r Çimento
- Pinarhi̇sar Çimento
- Söke Çimento
1990s
- Adiyaman Çimento
- Anadolubank
- Aşkale Çimento
- Bartin Çimento
- Bozüyük Seramik
- Çİnkur
- Çorum Çimento
- Denİzbank
- Denİzlİ Çimento
- Elaziğ Çimento
- Erganİ Çimento
- Etİbank
- Fİlyos
- Gazİantep Çimento
- Güneş Sigorta Spor Kulübü
- Havaş
- Ipragaz
- İskenderun Çimento
- Kars Çimento
- Konya Krom Man.A.Ş.
- Kümaş
- Kurtalan Çimento
- Ladİk Çimento
- Lalapaşa Çimento
- Metaş
- Petlas
- Ray Sigorta
- Şanliurfa Çimento
- Sİvas Çimento
- Sümerbank
- Trabzon Çimento
- Türk Kablo
- Tofaş S.K.
- Van Çimento Sanayii
- Yarimca Porselen T.A.Ş.
2000s
- Adapazarı Sugar Fac.
- Asİl Çelİk
- Ataköy Hotel
- Ataköy Marina
- Ataköy Tourism
- Başak Insurance
- Başak Retirement Fund
- Bet Kütahya Şeker
- Bursagaz
- Çayelİ Bakir İşl.A.Ş.
- Cyprus Turkish Airlines
- Denİz Naklİyati T.A.Ş.
- Esgaz
- Eti Aluminium
- Etİ Bakir
- Etİ Elektrometalurji
- Etİ Gümüş A.Ş.
- Etİ Krom A.Ş.
- Güven Sİgorta
- Dİv-Han
- Taksan
- Türk Telekom
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
- Damas Jewelry (November 2004, 55% of the company for $224 million)
United Kingdom
1970s
- British Petroleum (1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1987)
- British Sugar (1977, 1982)
- Cambridge Instrument Company (1979)
- International Computers Limited (1979)
- Lunn Poly (1971)
- Rolls-Royce Motors (1973)
- Sinclair Radionics (1979)
- State Management Scheme (1973)
- Thomas Cook (1972)
1980s
- Alfred Herbert (1980)
- Amersham International (1982)
- Associated British Ports (1983, 1984)
- British Aerospace (1981, 1985)
- British Airports Authority (1987)
- British Airways (1987)
- British Airways Helicopters (1986)
- British Gas (1986)
- British Leyland
- Alvis (1981)
- Coventry Climax (1982)
- Danish Automobile Building (1987)
- ISTEL (1987)
- Jaguar (1984)
- Leyland Bus (1987)
- Leyland Tractors (1982)
- Leyland Trucks (1987)
- Rover Group (1988)
- Unipart (1987)
- British Rail Engineering Limited (1989)
- British Shipbuilders (1985–1989, shipbuilder companies sold individually)
- British Steel (1988)
- British Telecom (1984, 1991, 1993)
- British Transport Hotels (1983)
- Britoil (1982, 1985)
- Cable & Wireless (1981, 1983, 1985)
- Council houses (1980–present, over two million sold to their tenants) – see main article Right to buy scheme
- Crown post offices (1989–2025, branches sold individually as franchises)
- Enterprise Oil (1984)
- Fairey (1980)
- Ferranti (1982)
- Harland & Wolff (1989)
- Inmos (1984)
- Johnson Matthey Bankers (1986)
- Municipal bus companies (1988–present, bus companies sold individually) – see main article Bus deregulation in Great Britain
- National Bus Company (1986–1988, bus companies sold individually)
- National Express (1988)
- National Freight Corporation (1982)
- Passenger transport executive bus companies (1988–1994, bus companies sold individually)
- Rolls-Royce (1987)
- Royal Ordnance (1987)
- Sealink (1984)
- Short Brothers (1989)
- Travellers Fare (1988)
- Trustee Savings Bank (1985)
- Vale of Rheidol Railway (1989)
- Water companies – see main article Water privatisation in England and Wales
- Anglian Water (1989)
- North West Water (1989)
- Northumbrian Water (1989)
- Severn Trent (1989)
- South West Water (1989)
- Southern Water (1989)
- Thames Water (1989)
- Welsh Water (1989)
- Wessex Water (1989)
- Yorkshire Water (1989)
1990s
- AEA Technology (1996)
- Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (1997)
- Belfast International Airport (1994)
- Birmingham Airport (1993 – 51%)
- Bournemouth Airport (1995)
- Bristol Airport (1997, 2001)
- British Coal (1994)
- British Energy (1996, 2007, 2009)
- British Rail – see main article Privatisation of British Rail
- 3 rolling stock companies:
- Angel Trains (1996)
- Eversholt Leasing (1996)
- Porterbrook (1996)
- 6 design office units (1995–1997, sold individually)
- 6 freight operating companies
- Freightliner (1995)
- Loadhaul (1996)
- Mainline Freight (1996)
- Rail Express Systems (1996)
- Railfreight Distribution (1997)
- Transrail Freight (1996)
- 6 track renewal units (1995–1997, sold individually)
- 7 infrastructure maintenance units (1995–1997, sold individually)
- 25 train operating companies (1996, operations contracted out as franchises)
- British Rail Research (1996)
- British Rail Telecommunications (1995)
- European Passenger Services (1996)
- Railtrack (1996) (18 October 2002 went into voluntary liquidation), now in public ownership as Network Rail
- Red Star Parcels (1995)
- Union Railways (1996)
- 3 rolling stock companies:
- British Technology Group (1992)
- Building Research Establishment (1997)
- Cardiff Airport (1995)
- Central Electricity Generating Board
- National Grid (1990)
- National Power (1991, 1995)
- Powergen (1991, 1995)
- Chessington Computer Centre (1996)
- Civil Aviation Authority (1996, Flight Calibration Services business)
- Crown Agents (1997)
- Dairy Crest (1996)
- East Midlands Airport (1993)
- Export Credits Guarantee Department (1991, short term credit business)
- Girobank (1990)
- Humberside Airport (1999 – 82%)
- Kingston Communications (1999, 2007)
- Laboratory of the Government Chemist (1996)
- Liverpool Airport (1990, 2001)
- London Buses (1994, bus companies sold individually) – see main article Privatisation of London bus services
- London Luton Airport (1997)
- London Southend Airport (1993)
- Mersey Docks and Harbour Company (1998)
- Military houses (1996)
- National Engineering Laboratory (1995)
- National Savings Bank (1999, back office functions contracted out)
- National Transcommunications Limited (1990)
- Natural Resources Institute (1996)
- Northern Ireland Electricity (1993)
- Ballylumford power station (1992)
- Belfast West power station (1992)
- Coolkeeragh power station (1992)
- Kilroot power station (1992)
- Property Services Agency (1994)
- Regional electricity companies
- East Midlands Electricity (1990)
- Eastern Electricity (1990)
- London Electricity (1990)
- MANWEB (1990)
- Midlands Electricity (1990)
- Northern Electric (1990)
- NORWEB (1990)
- SEEBOARD (1990)
- Southern Electric (1990)
- SWALEC (1990)
- SWEB Energy (1990)
- Yorkshire Electricity (1990)
- Royal Dockyards
- Devonport Dockyard (1993)
- Portsmouth Dockyard (1998)
- Rosyth Dockyard (1997)
- Scottish Bus Group (1991, bus companies sold individually)
- Scottish Hydro-Electric (1991)
- Scottish Power (1991)
- Severn Bridge (1992)
- The Stationery Office (1996)
- Student Loans (1998, 1999, 2013, mortgage–style loans)
- Transport Research Laboratory (1996)
- Trust Ports
2000s
- Actis (2004, 2012)
- BBC Books (2006 – 85%)
- BBC Broadcast (2005)
- BBC Costumes and Wigs (2008)
- BBC Outside Broadcasts (2008)
- BBC Technology (2004)
- British Nuclear Fuels Limited
- AWE Management Limited (2008)
- BNG America (2007)
- BNG Project Services (2008)
- Reactor Sites Management Company (2007)
- Westinghouse Electric Company (2006)
- East Thames Buses (2009)
- Leeds Bradford International Airport (2007)
- London Underground (2003, sale of concession to maintain infrastructure for 30 years)
- National Air Traffic Services (2001 – 51%)
- Newcastle Airport (2001 – 49%)
- Partnerships UK (2000, 2011)
- Qinetiq (2002, 2006, 2008)
- South Eastern Trains (2006)
- Teesside International Airport (2003 – 75%)
- UKAEA Limited (2009)
2010s
- BBC Audiobooks (2010, 2014)
- BBC Magazines (2011)
- Behavioural Insights Team (2014, 2021)
- Bio Products Laboratory (2013, 2016)
- British Waterways (2012)
- Constructionline (2015)
- Defence Support Group (2015)
- Dr Foster Intelligence (2015)
- East Coast Trains (2015)
- Eurostar International Limited (2015 – 40%)
- Fire Service College (2013)
- Food and Environment Research Agency (2015 – 75%)
- Government Pipelines and Storage System (2015)
- High Speed 1 (2010; sale of concession to operate for 30 years)
- Lloyds Banking Group (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)
- Manchester Airports Group (2013 – 35%)
- Marchwood Military Port (2016; sale of concession to operate for 35 years)
- NEC Group (2015)
- Network Rail (2019, commercial property business)
- Northern Rock (2012)
- Northern Rock (Asset Management) (2016)
- Remploy (2012, 2013, 2015, factory businesses sold individually)
- Royal Bank of Scotland Group (2015, 2018)
- Royal Mail (2013, 2015)
- Student Loans (2017, 2018, income–contingent loans)
- The Tote (2011)
- UK Green Investment Bank (2017)
- Working Links (2016)
2020s
- Bradford & Bingley (2021)
- NatWest Group (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025)
- NRAM Limited (2021)
- Wave Hub (2021)
| Date | Company | % of equity initially sold | Proceeds £m |
| Feb 1981 | British Aerospace | 51.6 | 150 |
| Oct 1981 | Cable & Wireless | 50 | 224 |
| Feb 1982 | Amersham International | 100 | 71 |
| Nov 1982 | Britoil | 51 | 549 |
| Feb 1983 | Associated British Ports | 51.5 | 22 |
| June 1984 | Enterprise Oil | 100 | 392 |
| July 1984 | Jaguar | 99 | 294 |
| Nov 1984 | British Telecom | 50.2 | 3,916 |
| Dec 1986 | British Gas | 97 | 5,434 |
| Feb 1987 | British Airways | 100 | 900 |
| May 1987 | Rolls-Royce | 100 | 1,363 |
| July 1987 | British Airports Authority | 100 | 1,281 |
| Dec 1988 | British Steel | 100 | 2,500 |
| Dec 1989 | Regional Water Companies | 100 | 5,110 |
| Dec 1990 | Electricity Distribution Companies | 100 | 5,092 |
| Mar 1991 | National Power and PowerGen | 60 | 2,230 |
| May 1991 | Scottish Power and Scottish Hydro Electric | 100 | 2,880 |
United States
- Conrail
- Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae)
- Railway Express Agency
- Student Loan Marketing Association (SLM Corporation) (Sallie Mae)
See also
References
Further reading
External links
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