List of pteropodids

Pteropodidae is one of the twenty families of bats in the mammalian order Chiroptera and part of the Yinpterochiroptera suborder. Members of this family are called pteropodids, fruit bats, flying foxes, or megabats. They are found in Africa, Asia, and Australia, primarily in forests and caves, though some can be found in savannas, shrublands, wetlands, and rocky areas. They range in size from the long-tongued nectar bat, at 4 cm (2 in) plus a minute tail, to the great flying fox, at 37 cm (15 in) with no tail. Like all bats, pteropodids are capable of true and sustained flight, and have forearm lengths ranging from 3 cm (1 in) for several species to 23 cm (9 in) for the large flying fox, which has an overall wingspan of up to 1.7 m (5.6 ft).^[1] Most species primarily or exclusively eat fruit, though the ten species of the subfamily Macroglossusinae primarily eat pollen and nectar and the sixteen species of the genus Nyctimene sometimes eat insects.^[1] Most pteropodids do not have population estimates, though six species have been driven extinct in modern times: the Guam flying fox, large Palau flying fox, large Samoan flying fox, Percy Island flying fox, small Mauritian flying fox, and small Samoan flying fox, 29 species are categorized as endangered species, and 7 species are categorized as critically endangered: Bulmer's fruit bat, Philippine naked-backed fruit bat, Fijian monkey-faced bat, greater monkey-faced bat, montane monkey-faced bat, Aru flying fox, and Ontong Java flying fox, with populations as low as 50 or fewer.

From top-left, clockwise: greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx), Indian flying fox (Pteropus medius), straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum), and Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)

Distribution of pteropodids

The 193 extant species of Pteropodidae are divided into seven subfamilies: Cynopterinae, with 28 species in 15 genera; Eidolinae, with 2 species in a single genus; Harpyionycterinae, with 18 species in 4 genera; Nyctimeninae, with 18 species in 2 genera; Pteropodinae, with 75 species in 7 genera plus 6 extinct species; Rousettinae, with 41 species in 13 genera; and Macroglossusinae, with 10 species in 5 genera. Several extinct prehistoric pteropodid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.^[2]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories

Conservation status
EX	Extinct (6 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically endangered (7 species)
EN	Endangered (29 species)
VU	Vulnerable (36 species)
NT	Near threatened (18 species)
LC	Least concern (89 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (14 species)
NE	Not evaluated (0 species)

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the pteropodid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The family Pteropodidae consists of 193 extant species in seven subfamilies: Eidolinae, Harpyionycterinae, Nyctimeninae, Pteropodinae, Rousettinae, and Macroglossusinae. There are additionally six species that have been made extinct in the modern era in Pteropodinae.

Family Pteropodidae

• Subfamily Cynopterinae
  • Genus Aethalops (sooty bats): two species
  • Genus Alionycteris (Mindanao pygmy fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Balionycteris (spotted-winged fruit bats): two species
  • Genus Chironax (black-capped fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Cynopterus (short-nosed fruit bats): seven species
  • Genus Dyacopterus (dyak fruit bats): three species
  • Genus Haplonycteris (Fischer's pygmy fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Latidens (Salim Ali's fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Megaerops (tailless fruit bats): four species
  • Genus Otopteropus (Luzon fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Penthetor (dusky fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Ptenochirus (musky fruit bats): two species
  • Genus Sphaerias (Blanford's fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Thoopterus (swift fruit bats): two species
• Subfamily Eidolinae
  • Genus Eidolon (palm bats): two species
• Subfamily Harpyionycterinae
  • Genus Aproteles (Bulmer's fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Boneia (Manado fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Dobsonia (naked-backed fruit bats): fourteen species
  • Genus Harpyionycteris (harpy fruit bats): two species
• Subfamily Nyctimeninae
  • Genus Nyctimene (tube-nosed fruit bats): sixteen species
  • Genus Paranyctimene (lesser tube-nosed fruit bats): two species

• Subfamily Pteropodinae
  • Genus Acerodon (sharp-toothed flying foxes): five species
  • Genus Desmalopex (white-winged flying foxes): two species
  • Genus Mirimiri (Fijian monkey-faced bat): one species
  • Genus Neopteryx (small-toothed fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Pteralopex (monkey-faced bats): five species
  • Genus Pteropus (flying foxes): sixty-five species (six extinct)
  • Genus Styloctenium (stripe-faced fruit bats): two species
• Subfamily Rousettinae
  • Genus Casinycteris (short-palated bats): two species
  • Genus Eonycteris (dawn bats): three species
  • Genus Epomophorus (epauletted bats): twelve species
  • Genus Epomops (epauletted fruit bats): two species
  • Genus Hypsignathus (hammer-headed bat): one species
  • Genus Megaloglossus (long-tongued fruit bats): two species
  • Genus Myonycteris (collared fruit bats): five species
  • Genus Nanonycteris (Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Pilonycteris (Sulawesi rousette): one species
  • Genus Plerotes (D'Anchieta's fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Rousettus (rousettes): seven species
  • Genus Scotonycteris (tear-drop bats): three species
  • Genus Stenonycteris (long-haired fruit bat): one species
• Subfamily Macroglossusinae
  • Genus Macroglossus (long-tongued fruit bats): two species
  • Genus Melonycteris (black-bellied fruit bat): one species
  • Genus Nesonycteris (Solomon Islands blossom bats): two species
  • Genus Notopteris (long-tailed blossom bats): two species
  • Genus Syconycteris (blossom bats): one species

Pteropodidae[3] Rousettinae Pteropodinae Nyctimeninae Cynopterinae Eidolinae

Pteropodids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.^[4]

Subfamily Cynopterinae

Main article: Cynopterinae

Genus Aethalops – Thomas, 1923 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Borneo fruit bat	A. aequalis Allen, 1938	Northern island of Borneo	Size: 5–7 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 4–5 cm (2 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest and caves[6]	LC  Unknown [6]
Pygmy fruit bat	A. alecto (Thomas, 1923) Three subspecies A. a. alecto A. a. boeadii A. a. ocypete	Southeastern Asia	Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 4–5 cm (2 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[7]	LC  Unknown [7]

Genus Alionycteris – Kock, 1969 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Mindanao pygmy fruit bat	A. paucidentata Kock, 1969	Philippines	Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 4–5 cm (2 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest[9]	LC  Unknown [9]

Genus Balionycteris – Matschie, 1899 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Malayan spotted-winged fruit bat	B. seimundi Kloss, 1921	Malaysia	Size: 5–7 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 4–5 cm (2 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[10]	LC  Unknown [10]
Spotted-winged fruit bat	B. maculata (Thomas, 1893) Two subspecies B. m. maculata B. m. seimundi	Southeastern Asia	Size: 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 3–5 cm (1–2 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[11]	LC  Unknown [11]

Genus Chironax – K. Andersen, 1912 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black-capped fruit bat	C. melanocephalus (Temminck, 1825) Two subspecies C. m. melanocephalus C. m. tumulus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 4–5 cm (2 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[12]	LC  Unknown [12]

Genus Cynopterus – F. Cuvier, 1824 – seven species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Greater short-nosed fruit bat	C. sphinx (Vahl, 1797) Six subspecies C. s. angulatus C. s. babi C. s. pagensis C. s. scherzeri C. s. serasani C. s. sphinx	Southern and southeastern Asia	Size: 8–11 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail 6–8 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[13]	LC  Unknown [13]
Horsfield's fruit bat	C. horsfieldii Gray, 1843 Four subspecies C. h. harpax C. h. horsfieldii C. h. persimilis C. h. princeps	Southeastern Asia	Size: 8–12 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail 6–9 cm (2–4 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest and caves[14]	LC  Unknown [14]
Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat	C. titthaecheilus (Temminck, 1825) Three subspecies C. t. major C. t. terminus C. t. titthaecheilus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 11–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 0.5–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) tail 7–9 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[15]	LC  Unknown [15]
Lesser short-nosed fruit bat	C. brachyotis (Müller, 1838) Eight subspecies C. b. altitudinis C. b. brachyotis C. b. brachysoma C. b. ceylonensis C. b. concolor C. b. hoffeti C. b. insularum C. b. javanicus	Southern and southeastern Asia	Size: 7–10 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[16]	LC  Unknown [16]
Minute fruit bat	C. minutus Miller, 1906	Southeastern Asia	Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail 5–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[17]	LC  Unknown [17]
Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat	C. nusatenggara Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991 Three subspecies C. n. nusatenggara C. n. sinagai C. n. wetarensis	Indonesia	Size: About 9 cm (4 in) long, plus about 0.5 cm (0.2 in) tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[18]	LC  Unknown [18]
Peters's fruit bat	C. luzoniensis (Peters, 1861)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 9–11 cm (4 in) long, plus 0.5–2 cm (0.20–0.79 in) tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[19]	LC  Unknown [19]

Genus Dyacopterus – K. Andersen, 1912 – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Brooks's dyak fruit bat	D. brooksi (Thomas, 1920)	Island of Sumatra	Size: 11–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail 8–9 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[20]	VU  Unknown [20]
Rickart's dyak fruit bat	D. rickarti (Thomas, 1920)	Philippines	Size: 13–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail 9–10 cm (4–4 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest and caves[21]	EN  Unknown [21]
Dayak fruit bat	D. spadiceus (Thomas, 1890)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail 7–9 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest and caves[22]	NT  Unknown [22]

Genus Haplonycteris – Lawrence, 1939 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Fischer's pygmy fruit bat	H. fischeri Lawrence, 1939	Philippines	Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest[23]	LC  Unknown [23]

Genus Latidens – Thonglongya, 1972 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Salim Ali's fruit bat	L. salimalii Thonglongya, 1972	Southern India	Size: 10–11 cm (4 in) long, with no tail 6–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[24]	EN  750 [24]

Genus Megaerops – Peters, 1865 – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Javan tailless fruit bat	M. kusnotoi Hill & Boeadi, 1978	Indonesia	Size: 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[25]	VU  Unknown [25]
Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat	M. niphanae Yenbutra & Felten, 1983	Southeastern Asia	Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, with no tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[26]	LC  Unknown [26]
Tailless fruit bat	M. ecaudatus (Temminck, 1837)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, with no tail 5–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[27]	LC  Unknown [27]
White-collared fruit bat	M. wetmorei Taylor, 1934 Two subspecies M. w. albicollis M. w. wetmorei	Southeastern Asia	Size: 7–8 cm (3 in) long, plus 0.3–0.5 cm (0.1–0.2 in) tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[28]	VU  Unknown [28]

Genus Otopteropus – Kock, 1969 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Luzon fruit bat	O. cartilagonodus Kock, 1969	Philippines	Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 4–5 cm (2 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest[29]	LC  Unknown [29]

Genus Penthetor – K. Andersen, 1912 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Dusky fruit bat	P. lucasi Dobson, 1880	Southeastern Asia	Size: 7–11 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 0.5–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[30]	LC  Unknown [30]

Genus Ptenochirus – Peters, 1861 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Greater musky fruit bat	P. jagori (Peters, 1861)	Philippines	Size: 11–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 0.5–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) tail 7–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[31]	LC  Unknown [31]
Lesser musky fruit bat	P. minor Yoshiyuki, 1979	Philippines	Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 0.5–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) tail 7–8 cm (3 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[32]	LC  Unknown [32]

Genus Sphaerias – Miller, 1906 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Blanford's fruit bat	S. blanfordi (Thomas, 1891)	Southern and southeastern Asia	Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, with no tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[33]	LC  Unknown [33]

Genus Thoopterus – Matschie, 1899 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Suhaniah fruit bat	T. suhaniahae Maryanto, Yani, Prijono, & Wiantoro, 2012	Indonesia	Size: 8–11 cm (3–4 in) long, with no tail 7–9 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[34]	LC  Unknown [34]
Swift fruit bat	T. nigrescens (Gray, 1870)	Indonesia	Size: 9–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus about 0.5 cm (0.2 in) tail 7–9 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[5] Habitat: Forest[35]	LC  Unknown [35]

Subfamily Eidolinae

Main article: Eidolinae

Genus Eidolon – Rafinesque, 1815 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Madagascan fruit bat	E. dupreanum Schlegel & Pollen, 1866	Western Madagascar	Size: 19–21 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 11–14 cm (4–6 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest and caves[37]	VU  Unknown [37]
Straw-coloured fruit bat	E. helvum Kerr, 1792 Three subspecies E. h. annobonensis E. h. helvum E. h. sabaeum	Sub-Saharan Africa and western Arabian Peninsula	Size: 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) 11–14 cm (4–6 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Savanna and forest[38]	NT  Unknown [38]

Subfamily Harpyionycterinae

Main article: Harpyionycterinae

Genus Aproteles – Menzies, 1977 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bulmer's fruit bat	A. bulmerae (Menzies, 1977)	New Guinea	Size: About 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail About 17 cm (7 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and caves[40]	CR  100–200 [40]

Genus Boneia – Jentink, 1879 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Manado fruit bat	B. bidens Jentink, 1879	Indonesia	Size: About 19 cm (7 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail 9–11 cm (4 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and caves[41]	VU  Unknown [41]

Genus Dobsonia – Palmer, 1898 – fourteen species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat	D. anderseni Thomas, 1914	Papua New Guinea	Size: 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail 10–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Caves and forest[42]	LC  Unknown [42]
Bare-backed fruit bat	D. moluccensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)	Southeastern Asia and northern Australia	Size: 18–25 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail 12–17 cm (5–7 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves[43]	LC  Unknown [43]
Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat	D. beauforti Bergmans, 1975	Indonesia	Size: 12–16 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail 10–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and caves[44]	LC  Unknown [44]
Biak naked-backed fruit bat	D. emersa Bergmans & Sarbini, 1985	Indonesia	Size: 15–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail 11–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and caves[45]	VU  Unknown [45]
Greenish naked-backed fruit bat	D. viridis Heude, 1896	Indonesia	Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail 10–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and caves[46]	LC  Unknown [46]
Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat	D. crenulata K. Andersen, 1909	Indonesia	Size: 16–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) 11–14 cm (4–6 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves[47]	LC  Unknown [47]
Lesser naked-backed fruit bat	D. minor Dobson, 1879	New Guinea	Size: 10–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 0.5–3 cm (0.2–1.2 in) tail 7–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest[48]	LC  Unknown [48]
New Britain naked-backed fruit bat	D. praedatrix K. Andersen, 1909	Island of New Britain	Size: 11–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) 10–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest and caves[49]	LC  Unknown [49]
New Guinea naked-backed fruit bat	D. magna Thomas, 1905	Southeastern Asia and northern Australia	Size: 18–25 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail 12–17 cm (5–7 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves[50]	LC  Unknown [50]
Panniet naked-backed fruit bat	D. pannietensis Vis, 1905 Two subspecies D. p. pannietensis D. p. remota	Papua New Guinea	Size: 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) 10–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and caves[51]	NT  Unknown [51]
Philippine naked-backed fruit bat	D. chapmani Rabor, 1952	Philippines	Size: Unknown length, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) 12–14 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and caves[52]	CR  40–50 [52]
Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat	D. inermis K. Andersen, 1909 Two subspecies D. i. inermis D. i. minimus	Solomon Islands	Size: 11–19 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) 9–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest and caves[53]	LC  Unknown [53]
Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat	D. exoleta K. Andersen, 1909	Indonesia	Size: 15–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail 10–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and caves[54]	LC  Unknown [54]
Western naked-backed fruit bat	D. peronii (Geoffroy, 1810) Two subspecies D. p. grandis D. p. peronii	Indonesia	Size: 14–16 cm (6–6 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and caves[55]	LC  Unknown [55]

Genus Harpyionycteris – Thomas, 1896 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Harpy fruit bat	H. whiteheadi Thomas, 1896 Two subspecies H. w. negrosensis H. w. whiteheadi	Philippines	Size: 13–16 cm (5–6 in) long, with no tail 8–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest[56]	LC  Unknown [56]
Sulawesi harpy fruit bat	H. celebensis Miller & Hollister, 1921	Indonesia	Size: 11–16 cm (4–6 in) long, with no tail 7–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest[57]	NT  Unknown [57]

Subfamily Nyctimeninae

Main article: Nyctimeninae

Genus Nyctimene – Borkhausen, 1797 – sixteen species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Broad-striped tube-nosed fruit bat	N. aello (Thomas, 1900)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) 7–9 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[58]	LC  Unknown [58]
Common tube-nosed fruit bat	N. albiventer (Gray, 1863) Two subspecies N. a. albiventer N. a. papuanus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 7–12 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest and savanna[59]	LC  Unknown [59]
Demonic tube-nosed fruit bat	N. masalai Smith & Hood, 1983	Papua New Guinea	Size: 9–11 cm (4 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) 6–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Unknown[60]	DD  Unknown [60]
Dragon tube-nosed fruit bat	N. draconilla Thomas, 1922	New Guinea	Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[61]	DD  Unknown [61]
Eastern tube-nosed bat	N. robinsoni Thomas, 1904	Eastern Australia	Size: 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) 6–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[62]	LC  Unknown [62]
Island tube-nosed fruit bat	N. major (Dobson, 1877) Four subspecies N. m. geminus N. m. lullulae N. m. major N. m. scitulus	Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands	Size: 9–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) 6–9 cm (2–4 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[63]	LC  Unknown [63]
Keast's tube-nosed fruit bat	N. keasti Kitchener, 1993 Three subspecies N. k. babari N. k. keasti N. k. tozeri	Indonesia	Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 4–5 cm (2 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[64]	NT  Unknown [64]
Lesser tube-nosed bat	N. varius K. Andersen, 1910	Indonesia	Size: Unknown length About 6 cm (2 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[65]	VU  Unknown [65]
Malaita tube-nosed fruit bat	N. malaitensis Phillips, 1968	Solomon Islands	Size: About 12 cm (5 in) long, plus about 2 cm (1 in) about 7 cm (3 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[66]	LC  Unknown [66]
Mountain tube-nosed fruit bat	N. certans K. Andersen, 1912	New Guinea and New Britain	Size: 8–12 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[67]	LC  Unknown [67]
Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat	N. sanctacrucis (Troughton, 1931)	Solomon Islands	Size: 9–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) 6–9 cm (2–4 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Unknown[68]	DD  Unknown [68]
New Guinea tube-nosed bat	N. wrightae Irwin, 2017	New Guinea	Size: 8–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[69]	LC  Unknown [69]
Pallas's tube-nosed bat	N. cephalotes (Pallas, 1767) Two subspecies N. c. aplini N. c. cephalotes	Southeastern Asia	Size: 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 6–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[70]	LC  Unknown [70]
Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat	N. rabori Heaney & Peterson, 1984	Philippines	Size: 11–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 7–9 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[71]	EN  2,000–2,500 [71]
Round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat	N. cyclotis K. Andersen, 1910	Indonesia	Size: Unknown length 5–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[72]	DD  Unknown [72]
Umboi tube-nosed fruit bat	N. vizcaccia Thomas, 1914 Two subspecies N. v. bougainville N. v. vizcaccia	Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands	Size: 7–12 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[73]	LC  Unknown [73]

Genus Paranyctimene – Tate, 1942 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Lesser tube-nosed fruit bat	P. raptor Tate, 1942	New Guinea and Indonesia	Size: 6–10 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[74]	LC  Unknown [74]
Steadfast tube-nosed fruit bat	P. tenax Bergmans, 2001 Two subspecies P. t. marculus P. t. tenax	New Guinea and Indonesia	Size: Unknown length, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) 5–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[36] Habitat: Forest[75]	LC  Unknown [75]

Subfamily Pteropodinae

Main article: Pteropodinae

Genus Acerodon – Jourdan, 1837 – five species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Giant golden-crowned flying fox	A. jubatus (Eschscholtz, 1831) Three subspecies A. j. jubatus A. j. lucifer A. j. mindanensis	Philippines	Size: 26–30 cm (10–12 in) long, with no tail 18–20 cm (7–8 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[77]	EN  Unknown [77]
Palawan fruit bat	A. leucotis (Sanborn, 1950) Two subspecies A. l. leucotis A. l. obscurus	Philippines	Size: Unknown length, with no tail 13–17 cm (5–7 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[78]	VU  Unknown [78]
Sulawesi flying fox	A. celebensis (Peters, 1867)	Indonesia	Size: 19–20 cm (7–8 in) long, with no tail 13–15 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[79]	VU  Unknown [79]
Sunda flying fox	A. mackloti (Temminck, 1837) Five subspecies A. m. alorensis A. m. floresii A. m. gilvus A. m. mackloti A. m. prajae	Indonesia	Size: About 23 cm (9 in) long, with no tail 13–15 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[80]	VU  Unknown [80]
Talaud flying fox	A. humilis K. Andersen, 1909	Philippines	Size: Unknown length, with no tail about 14 cm (6 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[81]	EN  Unknown [81]

Genus Desmalopex – Miller, 1907 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Small white-winged flying fox	D. microleucoptera Esselstyn, Garcia, Saulog, & Heaney, 2008	Philippines	Size: 13–16 cm (5–6 in) long, with no tail 9–11 cm (4 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[82]	EN  Unknown [82]
White-winged flying fox	D. leucoptera Temminck, 1853	Philippines	Size: 18–24 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail 13–15 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest and grassland[83]	VU  Unknown [83]

Genus Mirimiri – Helgen, 2005 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Fijian monkey-faced bat	M. acrodonta (Hill & Beckon, 1978)	Fiji	Size: 17–20 cm (7–8 in) long, with no tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[84]	CR  200–1,000 [84]

Genus Neopteryx – Hayman, 1946 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Small-toothed fruit bat	N. frosti Hayman, 1946	Indonesia	Size: About 16 cm (6 in) long, with no tail 10–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[85]	EN  2,000–2,500 [85]

Genus Pteralopex – Thomas, 1888 – five species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bougainville monkey-faced bat	P. anceps K. Andersen, 1909	Solomon Islands	Size: 23–28 cm (9–11 in) long, with no tail 14–16 cm (6 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[86]	EN  Unknown [86]
Greater monkey-faced bat	P. flanneryi Helgen, 2005	Solomon Islands	Size: 25–28 cm (10–11 in) long, with no tail 15–19 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[87]	CR  Unknown [87]
Guadalcanal monkey-faced bat	P. atrata (Thomas, 1888)	Solomon Islands	Size: 19–24 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail 12–15 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[88]	EN  Unknown [88]
Montane monkey-faced bat	P. pulchra Flannery, 1991	Solomon Islands	Size: About 16 cm (6 in) long, with no tail about 12 cm (5 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[89]	CR  0–50 [89]
New Georgian monkey-faced bat	P. taki Parnaby, 2002	Solomon Islands	Size: About 19 cm (7 in) long, with no tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[90]	VU  100–3,000 [90]

Genus Pteropus – Brisson, 1762 – 65 species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Admiralty flying fox	P. admiralitatum Thomas, 1894 Four subspecies P. a. admiralitatum P. a. colonus P. a. goweri P. a. solomonis	Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands	Size: 17–23 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[92]	LC  Unknown [92]
Aldabra flying fox	P. aldabrensis True, 1893	Seychelles	Size: 18–19 cm (7 in) long, with no tail 12–15 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Shrubland and forest[94]	EN  200–250 [94]
Andersen's flying fox	P. intermedius K. Andersen, 1908	Burma and Thailand	Size: 22–25 cm (9–10 in) long, with no tail 16–18 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[96]	DD  Unknown [96]
Aru flying fox	P. aruensis Peters, 1867	Indonesia	Size: About 29 cm (11 in) long, with no tail about 19 cm (7 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Unknown[97]	CR  0–50 [97]
Ashy-headed flying fox	P. caniceps Gray, 1870 Two subspecies P. c. caniceps P. c. dobsoni	Indonesia	Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, with no tail 18–20 cm (7–8 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Forest[98]	VU  Unknown [98]
Banks flying fox	P. fundatus Felten & Kock, 1972	Vanuatu	Size: 13–16 cm (5–6 in) long, with no tail 9–11 cm (4 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[99]	EN  Unknown [99]
Big-eared flying fox	P. macrotis Peters, 1867 Two subspecies P. m. epularius P. m. macrotis	New Guinea	Size: 17–24 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail 11–16 cm (4–6 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[100]	LC  Unknown [100]
Bismarck masked flying fox	P. capistratus Peters, 1867 Two subspecies P. c. capistratus P. c. ennisae	Papua New Guinea	Size: 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, with no tail 10–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[101]	VU  9,000–10,000 [101]
Black flying fox	P. alecto Temminck, 1837 Four subspecies P. a. alecto P. a. aterrimus P. a. gouldi P. a. morio	Southeastern Asia and northern Australia	Size: 18–28 cm (7–11 in) long, with no tail 15–20 cm (6–8 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[102]	LC  Unknown [102]
Black-bearded flying fox	P. melanopogon Peters, 1867	Southeastern Asia	Size: About 29 cm (11 in) long, with no tail 18–20 cm (7–8 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Forest[103]	EN  Unknown [103]
Black-eared flying fox	P. melanotus Blyth, 1863 Five subspecies P. m. melanotus P. m. modiglianii P. m. natalis P. m. niadicus P. m. tytleri	Southeastern Asia	Size: Unknown length, with no tail 11–17 cm (4–7 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[104]	VU  5,000–7,000 [104]
Bonin flying fox	P. pselaphon Lay, 1829	Bonin Islands in Japan	Size: Unknown length, with no tail 13–15 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[105]	EN  200–250 [105]
Caroline flying fox	P. molossinus Temminck, 1853	Micronesia	Size: 14–15 cm (6 in) long, with no tail 9–10 cm (4 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[106]	EN  Unknown [106]
Ceram fruit bat	P. ocularis Peters, 1867	Indonesia	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, with no tail 13–15 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[107]	VU  Unknown [107]
Chuuk flying fox	P. pelagicus Kittlitz, 1836	Micronesia	Size: 15–19 cm (6–7 in) long, with no tail 10–11 cm (4 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[108]	EN  1,000–2,500 [108]
Dwarf flying fox	P. woodfordi Thomas, 1888	Solomon Islands	Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, with no tail 8–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[109]	LC  Unknown [109]
Geelvink Bay flying fox	P. pohlei Stein, 1933	Indonesia	Size: 17–21 cm (7–8 in) long, with no tail 12–14 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[110]	VU  Unknown [110]
Gilliard's flying fox	P. gilliardorum Van Deusen, 1969	Papua New Guinea	Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, with no tail 11–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[111]	VU  Unknown [111]
Gray flying fox	P. griseus Geoffroy, 1810 Three subspecies P. g. griseus P. g. mimus P. g. pallidus	Indonesia	Size: 17–22 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[112]	VU  8,000–9,000 [112]
Great flying fox	P. neohibernicus Peters, 1876 Two subspecies P. n. hilli P. n. neohibernicus	New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago	Size: 23–37 cm (9–15 in) long, with no tail 16–22 cm (6–9 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest and savanna[113]	LC  Unknown [113]
Grey-headed flying fox	P. poliocephalus Temminck, 1825	Southeastern Australia	Size: 22–28 cm (9–11 in) long, with no tail 15–18 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Caves and forest[114]	VU  467,000 [114]
Guam flying fox†	P. tokudae Tate, 1934	Guam	Size: Unknown Habitat: Forest[115]	EX  Unknown [115]
Indian flying fox	P. medius Temminck, 1825	Southern Asia	Size: 22–25 cm (9–10 in) long, with no tail 16–18 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Forest[116]	NT  Unknown [116]
Insular flying fox	P. tonganus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 Three subspecies P. t. basiliscus P. t. geddiei P. t. tonganus	Eastern Oceania	Size: 14–27 cm (6–11 in) long, with no tail 11–18 cm (4–7 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[117]	LC  Unknown [117]
Kei flying fox	P. keyensis Peters, 1867	Indonesia	Size: About 29 cm (11 in) long, with no tail 17–19 cm (7–7 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Unknown[118]	DD  Unknown [118]
Kosrae flying fox	P. ualanus Peters, 1883	Island of Kosrae in Micronesia	Size: 18–23 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail 12–14 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[119]	EN  1,500–2,250 [119]
Large Palau flying fox†	P. pilosus K. Andersen, 1908	Micronesia	Size: Unknown Habitat: Unknown[120]	EX  Unknown [120]
Large Samoan flying fox†	P. coxi Helgen, Helgen, & Wilson, 2009	Samoa	Size: Unknown Habitat: Unknown[121]	EX  Unknown [121]
Large flying fox	P. vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) Six subspecies P. v. edulis P. v. lanensis P. v. natunae P. v. pluton P. v. sumatrensis P. v. vampyrus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, with no tail 17–23 cm (7–9 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[122]	EN  Unknown [122]
Lesser flying fox	P. mahaganus Sanborn, 1931	Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands	Size: 19–23 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail 12–16 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[123]	LC  Unknown [123]
Little golden-mantled flying fox	P. pumilus Miller, 1911	Philippines	Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, with no tail 9–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Shrubland and forest[124]	NT  Unknown [124]
Little red flying fox	P. scapulatus Peters, 1862	Northern and eastern Australia	Size: 12–20 cm (5–8 in) long, with no tail 11–15 cm (4–6 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[125]	LC  Unknown [125]
Livingstone's fruit bat	P. livingstonii Gray, 1866	Comoros	Size: About 34 cm (13 in) long, with no tail 16–18 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[126]	EN  1,200–1,500 [126]
Lombok flying fox	P. lombocensis Dobson, 1878 Three subspecies P. l. heudei P. l. lombocensis P. l. salottii	Indonesia	Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, with no tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[127]	DD  Unknown [127]
Lyle's flying fox	P. lylei K. Andersen, 1908	Southeastern Asia	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, with no tail 14–16 cm (6 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[128]	VU  Unknown [128]
Madagascan flying fox	P. rufus Geoffroy, 1803	Madagascar	Size: 23–27 cm (9–11 in) long, with no tail 15–18 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Forest[129]	VU  300,000 [129]
Makira flying fox	P. cognatus K. Andersen, 1908	Solomon Islands	Size: 16–18 cm (6–7 in) long, with no tail 12–13 cm (5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[130]	VU  Unknown [130]
Mariana fruit bat	P. mariannus Desmarest, 1822 Three subspecies P. m. mariannus P. m. paganensis P. m. ulthiensis	Mariana Islands and Caroline Islands	Size: 19–25 cm (7–10 in) long, with no tail 13–16 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[131]	EN  Unknown [131]
Masked flying fox	P. personatus Temminck, 1825	Indonesia	Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, with no tail 8–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[132]	LC  Unknown [132]
Mauritian flying fox	P. niger (Kerr, 1792)	Mauritius and La Réunion	Size: About 23 cm (9 in) long, with no tail 14–18 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Forest[133]	EN  38,000 [133]
Moluccan flying fox	P. chrysoproctus Temminck, 1837	Indonesia	Size: 19–26 cm (7–10 in) long, with no tail 16–18 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Forest[134]	VU  Unknown [134]
New Caledonia flying fox	P. vetulus Jouan, 1863	New Caledonia	Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, with no tail 9–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[135]	NT  Unknown [135]
New Ireland masked flying fox	P. ennisae Flannery & White, 1991	Papua New Guinea	Size: 15–19 cm (6–7 in) long, with no tail 10–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[136]	VU  9,000–10,000 [136]
Nicobar flying fox	P. faunulus Miller, 1902	Nicobar Islands in India	Size: About 17 cm (7 in) long, with no tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[137]	EN  Unknown [137]
Okinawa flying fox	P. loochoensis Gray, 1870	Japan	Size: 19–25 cm (7–10 in) long, with no tail 13–16 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Unknown[138]	DD  Unknown [138]
Ontong Java flying fox	P. howensis Troughton, 1931	Solomon Islands	Size: 17–20 cm (7–8 in) long, with no tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[139]	CR  100–300 [139]
Ornate flying fox	P. ornatus Gray, 1870 Two subspecies P. o. auratus P. o. ornatus	New Caledonia	Size: 18–19 cm (7–7 in) long, with no tail 14–17 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[140]	VU  Unknown [140]
Pelew flying fox	P. pelewensis K. Andersen, 1908	Palau	Size: 14–32 cm (6–13 in) long, with no tail 10–14 cm (4–6 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest and savanna[141]	VU  Unknown [141]
Pemba flying fox	P. voeltzkowi Matschie, 1909	Island of Pemba in Tanzania	Size: 22–26 cm (9–10 in) long, with no tail 14–17 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[142]	VU  Unknown [142]
Percy Island flying fox†	P. brunneus Dobson, 1878.	Percy Island in Australia	Size: Unknown Habitat: Unknown[143]	EX  Unknown [143]
Philippine gray flying fox	P. speciosus K. Andersen, 1908	Indonesia and Philippines	Size: Unknown length, with no tail 12–13 cm (5 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[144]	DD  Unknown [144]
Rennell flying fox	P. rennelli Troughton, 1929.	Solomon Islands	Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, with no tail 9–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[145]	EN  Unknown [145]
Rodrigues flying fox	P. rodricensis Dobson, 1878	Island of Rodrigues	Size: 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long, with no tail 12–13 cm (5 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Forest[146]	EN  20,000 [146]
Ryukyu flying fox	P. dasymallus Temminck, 1825 Five subspecies P. d. daitonensis P. d. dasymallus P. d. formosus P. d. inopinatus P. d. yayeyamae	Eastern Asia	Size: 18–23 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail 12–15 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[147]	VU  3,000–6,000 [147]
Samoa flying fox	P. samoensis Peale, 1848 Two subspecies P. s. nawaiensis P. s. samoensis	Samoa and Fiji	Size: 17–22 cm (7–9 in) long, with no tail 12–16 cm (5–6 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[148]	NT  Unknown [148]
Seychelles fruit bat	P. seychellensis Kerr, 1792 Two subspecies P. s. comorensis P. s. seychellensis	Seychelles, Comoros, and Mafia Island	Size: About 23 cm (9 in) long, with no tail 14–16 cm (6 in) forearm length[93] Habitat: Forest[149]	LC  Unknown [149]
Small Mauritian flying fox†	P. subniger Kerr, 1792	Mascarene Islands	Size: Unknown Habitat: Unknown and forest[150]	EX  Unknown [150]
Small Samoan flying fox†	P. allenorum Helgen, Helgen, & Wilson, 2009	Samoa	Size: Unknown Habitat: Unknown[151]	EX  Unknown [151]
Small flying fox	P. hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 Sixteen subspecies P. h. annectens P. h. cagayanus P. h. canus P. h. condorensis P. h. enganus P. h. fretensis P. h. geminorum P. h. hypomelanus P. h. lepidus P. h. luteus P. h. macassaricus P. h. maris P. h. robinsoni P. h. satyrus P. h. simalurus P. h. tomesi	Southeastern Asia	Size: Unknown length, with no tail 11–17 cm (4–7 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[152]	NT  Unknown [152]
Solomons flying fox	P. rayneri Gray, 1870 Five subspecies P. r. grandis P. r. lavellanus P. r. monoensis P. r. rayneri P. r. rubianus	Solomon Islands	Size: 23–27 cm (9–11 in) long, with no tail 13–19 cm (5–7 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[153]	NT  Unknown [153]
Spectacled flying fox	P. conspicillatus Gould, 1850 Two subspecies P. c. chrysauchen P. c. conspicillatus	Southeastern Asia and northern Australia	Size: 23–29 cm (9–11 in) long, with no tail 15–19 cm (6–7 in) forearm length[91] Habitat: Forest[154]	EN  Unknown [154]
Temminck's flying fox	P. temminckii Peters, 1867 Two subspecies P. t. liops P. t. temminckii	Indonesia	Size: 15–17 cm (6–7 in) long, with no tail 9–11 cm (4 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[155]	VU  Unknown [155]
Temotu flying fox	P. nitendiensis Sanborn, 1930	Solomon Islands	Size: 17–18 cm (7 in) long, with no tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[156]	EN  Unknown [156]
Vanikoro flying fox	P. tuberculatus Peters, 1869	Solomon Islands	Size: 13–17 cm (5–7 in) long, with no tail 11–13 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[157]	EN  Unknown [157]
Vanuatu flying fox	P. anetianus Gray, 1870 Seven subspecies P. a. anetianus P. a. aorensis P. a. bakeri P. a. banksiana P. a. eotinus P. a. motalavae P. a. pastoris	Vanuatu	Size: 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long, with no tail 11–14 cm (4–6 in) forearm length[95] Habitat: Forest[158]	VU  Unknown [158]

Genus Styloctenium – Matschie, 1899 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat	S. mindorense Esselstyn, 2007	Philippines (in red)	Size: 14–18 cm (6–7 in) long, with no tail 10–12 cm (4–5 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[159]	EN  Unknown [159]
Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat	S. wallacei (Gray, 1866)	Indonesia	Size: 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, with no tail 9–11 cm (4 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[160]	NT  Unknown [160]

Subfamily Rousettinae

Main article: Rousettinae

Genus Casinycteris – Thomas, 1910 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Campo-Ma'an fruit bat	C. campomaanensis Hassanin, 2014	Cameroon	Size: Unknown, with no tail about 7 cm (3 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest[161]	DD  Unknown [161]
Short-palated fruit bat	C. argynnis Thomas, 1910	Central Africa	Size: 7–10 cm (3–4 in) long, with no tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest[162]	LC  Unknown [162]

Genus Eonycteris – Dobson, 1873 – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Cave nectar bat	E. spelaea (Dobson, 1871) Four subspecies E. s. glandifera E. s. rosenbergii E. s. spelaea E. s. winnyae	Southern and southeastern Asia	Size: 7–13 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail 6–8 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[163]	LC  Unknown [163]
Greater nectar bat	E. major K. Andersen, 1910	Island of Borneo	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail 6–9 cm (2–4 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[164]	NT  Unknown [164]
Philippine dawn bat	E. robusta Miller, 1913	Philippines	Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail 6–9 cm (2–4 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[165]	VU  Unknown [165]

Genus Epomophorus – Bennett, 1836 – twelve species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Angolan epauletted fruit bat	E. angolensis Gray, 1870	Angola and Namibia	Size: 13–16 cm (5–6 in) long, with no tail 8–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Savanna[167]	NT  Unknown [167]
Ansell's epauletted fruit bat	E. anselli Bergmans & van Strien, 2004	Malawi	Size: 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 0.2–0.5 cm (0.1–0.2 in) tail 6–8 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Savanna[168]	DD  Unknown [168]
Dobson's epauletted fruit bat	E. dobsonii Bocage, 1899	Southern Africa	Size: 13–19 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 0–0.1 cm (0.00–0.04 in) tail 8–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Savanna[169]	LC  Unknown [169]
East African epauletted fruit bat	E. minimus Claessen & De Vree, 1991	Eastern Africa	Size: 9–12 cm (4–5 in) long, with no tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and rocky areas[170]	LC  Unknown [170]
Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat	E. labiatus Temminck, 1837	Central and eastern Africa	Size: 9–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 0–0.5 cm (0.0–0.2 in) tail 5–8 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[171]	LC  Unknown [171]
Gambian epauletted fruit bat	E. gambianus (Ogilby, 1835) Two subspecies E. g. gambianus E. g. pousarguesi	Equatorial Africa	Size: 10–17 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 0–1 cm (0.0–0.4 in) tail 7–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest and savanna[172]	LC  Unknown [172]
Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat	E. intermedius Hayman, 1963	Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo	Size: Unknown length, plus 0.3–0.5 cm (0.1–0.2 in) tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and savanna[173]	DD  Unknown [173]
Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat	E. grandis (Sanborn, 1950)	Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo	Size: About 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 0.4–1 cm (0.2–0.4 in) tail 6–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest and savanna[174]	DD  Unknown [174]
Minor epauletted fruit bat	E. minor Dobson, 1879	Central and eastern Africa and western Arabian Peninsula	Size: 9–12 cm (4–5 in) long, with no tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[175]	LC  Unknown [175]
Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat	E. pusillus (Peters, 1867)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 0–0.5 cm (0.0–0.2 in) tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[176]	LC  Unknown [176]
Peters's epauletted fruit bat	E. crypturus Peters, 1852	Southeastern Africa	Size: 11–17 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 0–0.5 cm (0.0–0.2 in) tail 7–9 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Savanna[177]	LC  Unknown [177]
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat	E. wahlbergi (Sundevall, 1846)	Southern Africa	Size: 10–19 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 0–1 cm (0.0–0.4 in) tail 6–10 cm (2–4 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[178]	LC  Unknown [178]

Genus Epomops – Gray, 1870 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat	E. buettikoferi (Matschie, 1899)	Western Africa	Size: 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long, with no tail 8–11 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[179]	LC  Unknown [179]
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat	E. franqueti (Tomes, 1860)	Central Africa	Size: 11–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 0–0.1 cm (0.00–0.04 in) tail 7–11 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest and savanna[180]	LC  Unknown [180]

Genus Hypsignathus – H. Allen, 1861 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Hammer-headed bat	H. monstrosus H. Allen, 1861	Western and central Africa	Size: 16–30 cm (6–12 in) long, with no tail 11–14 cm (4–6 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest and savanna[181]	LC  Unknown [181]

Genus Megaloglossus – Pagenstecher, 1885 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Azagnyi fruit bat	M. azagnyi Nesi, Kadjo, & Hassanin, 2012	Western Africa	Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, with no tail 3–5 cm (1–2 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest[182]	LC  Unknown [182]
Woermann's bat	M. woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885	Western and central Africa	Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 3–5 cm (1–2 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest[183]	LC  Unknown [183]

Genus Myonycteris – Matschie, 1899 – five species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Angolan rousette	M. angolensis (Bocage, 1898)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 9–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 0.5–3 cm (0.2–1.2 in) tail 6–9 cm (2–4 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and caves[184]	LC  Unknown [184]
East African little collared fruit bat	M. relicta Bergmans, 1980	Eastern Africa	Size: 9–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 0.5–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) tail 6–8 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Savanna and forest[185]	LC  Unknown [185]
Little collared fruit bat	M. torquata Dobson, 1878	Western and central Africa	Size: 8–13 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 0–2 cm (0–1 in) tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest[186]	LC  Unknown [186]
Sierra Leone collared fruit bat	M. leptodon K. Andersen, 1908	Western Africa	Size: 8–12 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 0–2 cm (0–1 in) tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest[187]	LC  Unknown [187]
São Tomé collared fruit bat	M. brachycephala (Bocage, 1889)	São Tomé and Príncipe	Size: 9–11 cm (4 in) long, plus about 0.1 cm (0.04 in) tail 6–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest[188]	EN  Unknown [188]

Genus Nanonycteris – Matschie, 1899 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat	N. veldkampii (Jentink, 1888)	Western Africa	Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 0.1–0.5 cm (0.0–0.2 in) tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest and savanna[189]	LC  Unknown [189]

Genus Pilonycteris – Nesi, Tsang, Simmons, McGowen, & Rossiter, 2021 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Sulawesi rousette	P. celebensis (K. Andersen, 1907)	Indonesia	Size: 8–11 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1 in) tail 7–8 cm (3 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[190]	LC  Unknown [190]

Genus Plerotes – K. Andersen, 1910 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
D'Anchieta's fruit bat	P. anchietae (Seabra, 1900)	Southern Africa	Size: 7–10 cm (3–4 in) long, with no tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest and savanna[191]	LC  Unknown [191]

Genus Rousettus – Gray, 1821 – seven species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bare-backed rousette	R. spinalatus Bergmans & Hill, 1980	Southeastern Asia	Size: About 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 0.5–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) tail 8–9 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[192]	VU  Unknown [192]
Comoro rousette	R. obliviosus Kock, 1978	Comoros Islands	Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail 7–8 cm (3 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[193]	VU  Unknown [193]
Egyptian fruit bat	R. aegyptiacus (Geoffroy, 1810) Six subspecies R. a. aegyptiacus R. a. arabicus R. a. leachii R. a. princes R. a. tomensis R. a. unicolor	Africa and western Asia	Size: 13–20 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 0.5–3 cm (0.2–1.2 in) tail 8–11 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, caves, and desert[194]	LC  Unknown [194]
Geoffroy's rousette	R. amplexicaudatus Geoffroy, 1810 Five subspecies R. a. amplexicaudatus R. a. brachyotis R. a. hedigeri R. a. infumatus R. a. minor	Southeastern Asia	Size: 12–16 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail 7–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves[195]	LC  Unknown [195]
Leschenault's rousette	R. leschenaultii Desmarest, 1820 Three subspecies R. l. leschenaultii R. l. seminudus R. l. shortridgei	Southern and southeastern Asia	Size: 8–13 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail 7–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[196]	NT  Unknown [196]
Linduan rousette	R. linduensis Maryanto & Yani, 2003	Indonesia	Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail 7–8 cm (3 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest[197]	DD  Unknown [197]
Madagascan rousette	R. madagascariensis Grandidier, 1928	Madagascar	Size: 11–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 0.5–2 cm (0–1 in) tail 6–8 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest and caves[198]	VU  Unknown [198]

Genus Scotonycteris – Matschie, 1894 – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bergmans's fruit bat	S. bergmansi Hassanin, Khouider, Gembu, Goodman, Kadjo, Nesi, Pourrut, Nakouné, & Bonillo, 2014	Western and central Africa	Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, with no tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest[199]	LC  Unknown [199]
Hayman's fruit bat	S. occidentalis Hayman, 1947	Western Africa	Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, with no tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest[200]	LC  Unknown [200]
Zenker's fruit bat	S. zenkeri Matschie, 1894 Two subspecies S. z. bedfordi S. z. zenkeri	Western and central Africa	Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, with no tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[8] Habitat: Forest[201]	NT  Unknown [201]

Genus Stenonycteris – Thomas, 1906 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Long-haired fruit bat	S. lanosus (Thomas, 1906)	Eastern Africa	Size: 11–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 0.5–3 cm (0.2–1.2 in) tail 8–10 cm (3–4 in) forearm length[166] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[202]	LC  Unknown [202]

Subfamily Macroglossusinae

Main article: Macroglossusinae

Genus Macroglossus – F. Cuvier, 1824 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Long-tongued fruit bat	M. sobrinus K. Andersen, 1911	Southeastern Asia	Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 0–1 cm (0.0–0.4 in) tail 3–6 cm (1–2 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest[203]	LC  Unknown [203]
Long-tongued nectar bat	M. minimus (Geoffroy, 1810)	Southeastern Asia and northern Australia	Size: 4–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 0–1 cm (0.0–0.4 in) tail 3–5 cm (1–2 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest[204]	LC  Unknown [204]

Genus Melonycteris – Dobson, 1877 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black-bellied fruit bat	M. melanops Dobson, 1877	Papua New Guinea	Size: 7–11 cm (3–4 in) long, with no tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest and caves[205]	LC  Unknown [205]

Genus Nesonycteris – Thomas, 1887 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Fardoulis's blossom bat	N. fardoulisi Flannery, 1993 Four subspecies N. f. fardoulisi N. f. maccoyi N. f. mengermani N. f. schouteni	Solomon Islands	Size: 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long, with no tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[206]	NT  Unknown [206]
Woodford's fruit bat	N. woodfordi Thomas, 1887 Two subspecies N. w. aurantius N. w. woodfordi	Solomon Islands	Size: 8–11 cm (3–4 in) long, with no tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest[207]	LC  Unknown [207]

Genus Notopteris – Gray, 1859 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Long-tailed fruit bat	N. macdonaldi Gray, 1859	Fiji and Vanuatu	Size: 9–11 cm (4 in) long, plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail 6–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Forest and caves[208]	VU  8,000–10,000 [208]
New Caledonia blossom bat	N. neocaledonica Trouessart, 1908	New Caledonia	Size: 9–10 cm (4–4 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail 5–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[76] Habitat: Caves and forest[209]	EN  1,500–2,500 [209]

Genus Syconycteris – Matschie, 1899 – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Common blossom bat	S. australis (Peters, 1867) Seven subspecies S. a. australis S. a. crassa S. a. finschi S. a. keyensis S. a. major S. a. naias S. a. papuana	Southeastern Asia and northern Australia	Size: 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 3–5 cm (1–2 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[210]	LC  Unknown [210]
Halmahera blossom bat	S. carolinae Rozendaal, 1984	Indonesia	Size: 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long, with no tail 5–7 cm (2–3 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest[211]	NT  10,000–11,000 [211]
Moss-forest blossom bat	S. hobbit Ziegler, 1982	New Guinea	Size: 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, with no tail 4–6 cm (2 in) forearm length[39] Habitat: Forest[212]	LC  Unknown [212]