List of quantum processors

This list contains quantum processors, also known as quantum processing units (QPUs). Some devices listed below have only been announced at press conferences so far, with no actual demonstrations or scientific publications characterizing the performance.

Quantum processors are difficult to compare due to the different architectures and approaches. Due to this, published physical qubit numbers do not reflect the performance levels of the processor. This is instead achieved through the number of logical qubits or benchmarking metrics such as quantum volume, randomized benchmarking or circuit layer operations per second (CLOPS).^[1]

Circuit-based quantum processors

These QPUs are based on the quantum circuit and quantum logic gate-based model of computing.

Manufacturer	Name/codename designation	Architecture	Layout	Fidelity (%)	Qubits (physical)	Release date	Quantum volume
Alpine Quantum Technologies	PINE System[2]	Trapped ion			24[3]	June 7, 2021	128[4]
Atom Computing	Phoenix	Neutral atoms in optical lattices			100[5]	August 10, 2021
Atom Computing	—	Neutral atoms in optical lattices	35×35 lattice (with 45 vacancies)	< 99.5 (2 qubits)[6]	1180[7][8]	October 2023
Google	—	Superconducting	—	99.5[9]	20	2017
Google	—	Superconducting	7×7 lattice	99.7[9]	49[10]	Q4 2017 (planned)
Google	Bristlecone	Superconducting transmon	6×12 lattice	99 (readout) 99.9 (1 qubit) 99.4 (2 qubits)	72[11][12]	March 5, 2018
Google	Sycamore	Superconducting transmon	9×6 lattice	—	53 effective (54 total)	2019
Google	Willow	Superconducting transmon	rotated rectangular lattice (see spec sheet)	99.965% (1-qubit) 99.67% (2-qubit) Surface code error correction implemented.	105 qubits	December 9, 2024[13]
IBM	IBM Q 5 Tenerife	Superconducting	bow tie	99.897 (average gate) 98.64 (readout)	5	2016[9]
IBM	IBM Q 5 Yorktown	Superconducting	bow tie	99.545 (average gate) 94.2 (readout)	5
IBM	IBM Q 14 Melbourne	Superconducting	—	99.735 (average gate) 97.13 (readout)	14
IBM	IBM Q 16 Rüschlikon	Superconducting	2×8 lattice	99.779 (average gate) 94.24 (readout)	16[14]	May 17, 2017 (Retired: 26 September 2018)[15]
IBM	IBM Q 17	Superconducting	—	—	17[14]	May 17, 2017
IBM	IBM Q 20 Tokyo	Superconducting	5×4 lattice	99.812 (average gate) 93.21 (readout)	20[16]	November 10, 2017
IBM	IBM Q 20 Austin	Superconducting	5×4 lattice	—	20	(Retired: 4 July 2018)[15]
IBM	IBM Q 50 prototype	Superconducting transmon	—	—	50[16]
IBM	IBM Q 53	Superconducting	—	—	53	October 2019
IBM	IBM Eagle	Superconducting transmon	—	—	127[17]	November 2021
IBM	IBM Osprey[7][8]	Superconducting	—	—	433[17]	November 2022
IBM	IBM Condor[18][7]	Superconducting	Honeycomb[19]	—	1121[17]	December 2023
IBM	IBM Heron[18][7]	Superconducting	—	—	133	December 2023
IBM	IBM Heron R2[20]	Superconducting	Heavy hex	96.5 (2 qubits)	156	November 2024
IBM	IBM Armonk[21]	Superconducting	Single Qubit	—	1	October 16, 2019
IBM	IBM Ourense[21]	Superconducting	T	—	5	July 3, 2019
IBM	IBM Vigo[21]	Superconducting	T	—	5	July 3, 2019
IBM	IBM London[21]	Superconducting	T	—	5	September 13, 2019
IBM	IBM Burlington[21]	Superconducting	T	—	5	September 13, 2019
IBM	IBM Essex[21]	Superconducting	T	—	5	September 13, 2019
IBM	IBM Athens[22]	Superconducting		—	5		32[23]
IBM	IBM Belem[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r4T[24]	—	5		16[24]
IBM	IBM Bogotá[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r4L[24]	—	5		32[24]
IBM	IBM Casablanca[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r4H[24]	—	7	(Retired – March 2022)	32[24]
IBM	IBM Dublin[22]	Superconducting		—	27		64
IBM	IBM Guadalupe[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r4P[24]	—	16		32[24]
IBM	IBM Kolkata	Superconducting		—	27		128
IBM	IBM Lima[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r4T[24]	—	5		8[24]
IBM	IBM Manhattan[22]	Superconducting		—	65		32[23]
IBM	IBM Montreal[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r4[24]	—	27		128[24]
IBM	IBM Mumbai[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r5.1[24]	—	27		128[24]
IBM	IBM Paris[22]	Superconducting		—	27		32[23]
IBM	IBM Quito[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r4T[24]	—	5		16[24]
IBM	IBM Rome[22]	Superconducting		—	5		32[23]
IBM	IBM Santiago[22]	Superconducting		—	5		32[23]
IBM	IBM Sydney[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r4[24]	—	27		32[24]
IBM	IBM Toronto[22]	Superconducting	Falcon r4[24]	—	27		32[24]
Intel	17-Qubit Superconducting Test Chip	Superconducting	40-pin cross gap	—	17[25][26]	October 10, 2017
Intel	Tangle Lake	Superconducting	108-pin cross gap	—	49[27]	January 9, 2018
Intel	Tunnel Falls	Semiconductor spin qubits			12[28]	June 15, 2023
IonQ	Harmony	Trapped ion	All-to-All[24]	99.73 (1 qubit) 90.02 (2 qubit) 99.30 (SPAM)	11[29]	2022	8[24]
IonQ	Aria	Trapped ion	All-to-All[24]	99.97 (1 qubit) 98.33 (2 qubit) 98.94 ((SPAM)	25[29]	2022
IonQ	Forte	Trapped ion	366x1 chain[30] All-to-All[24]	99.98 (1 qubit) 98.5–99.3 (2 qubit)[30]99.56 ((SPAM)	36[29] (earlier 32)	2022
IQM	-	Superconducting	Star	99.91 (1 qubit) 99.14 (2 qubits)	5[31]	November 30, 2021[32]	—
IQM	-	Superconducting	Square lattice	99.91 (1 qubit median) 99.944 (1 qubit max) 98.25 (2 qubits median) 99.1 (2 qubits max)	20	October 9, 2023[33]	16[34]
M Squared Lasers	Maxwell	Neutral atoms in optical lattices		99.5 (3-qubit gate), 99.1 (4-qubit gate)[35]	200[36]	November 2022
Oxford Quantum Circuits	Lucy[37]	Superconducting			8	2022
Oxford Quantum Circuits	OQC Toshiko[38]	Superconducting (Coaxmon)			32	2023
Quandela	Ascella	Photonics	—	99.6 (1 qubit) 93.8 (2 qubits) 86.0 (3 qubits)	6[39]	2022[40]
QuTech at TU Delft	Spin-2	Semiconductor spin qubits		99 (average gate) 85 (readout)[41]	2	2020
QuTech at TU Delft	-	Semiconductor spin qubits			6[42]	September 2022
QuTech at TU Delft	Starmon-5	Superconducting	X configuration	97 (readout)[43]	5	2020
Quantinuum	H2[44]	Trapped ion	Racetrack, All-to-All	99.997 (1 qubit) 99.87 (2 qubit)	56[45] (earlier 32)	May 9, 2023	8,388,608[46]
Quantinuum	H1-1[47]	Trapped ion	15×15 (Circuit Size)	99.996 (1 qubit) 99.914 (2 qubit)	20	2022	1,048,576[48]
Quantinuum	H1-2 [47]	Trapped ion	All-to-All[24]	99.996 (1 qubit) 99.7 (2 qubit)	12	2022	4096[49]
Quantware	Soprano[50]	Superconducting		99.9 (single-qubit gates)	5	July 2021
Quantware	Contralto[51]	Superconducting		99.9 (single-qubit gates)	25	March 7, 2022[52]
Quantware	Tenor[53]	Superconducting			64	February 23, 2023
Rigetti	Agave	Superconducting	—	96 (Single-qubit gates) 87 (Two-qubit gates)	8	June 4, 2018[54]
Rigetti	Acorn	Superconducting transmon	—	98.63 (Single-qubit gates) 87.5 (Two-qubit gates)	19[55]	December 17, 2017
Rigetti	Aspen-1	Superconducting	—	93.23 (Single-qubit gates) 90.84 (Two-qubit gates)	16	November 30, 2018[54]
Rigetti	Aspen-4	Superconducting		99.88 (Single-qubit gates) 94.42 (Two-qubit gates)	13	March 10, 2019
Rigetti	Aspen-7	Superconducting		99.23 (Single-qubit gates) 95.2 (Two-qubit gates)	28	November 15, 2019
Rigetti	Aspen-8	Superconducting		99.22 (Single-qubit gates) 94.34 (Two-qubit gates)	31	May 5, 2020
Rigetti	Aspen-9	Superconducting		99.39 (Single-qubit gates) 94.28 (Two-qubit gates)	32	February 6, 2021
Rigetti	Aspen-10	Superconducting		99.37 (Single-qubit gates) 94.66 (Two-qubit gates)	32	November 4, 2021
Rigetti	Aspen-11	Superconducting	Octagonal[24]	99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 92.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 91.0 (Two-qubit gates XY)	40	December 15, 2021
Rigetti	Aspen-M-1	Superconducting transmon	Octagonal[24]	99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 93.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 94.6 (Two-qubit gates XY)	80	February 15, 2022	8[24]
Rigetti	Aspen-M-2	Superconducting transmon		99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 91.3 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 90.0 (Two-qubit gates XY)	80	August 1, 2022
Rigetti	Aspen-M-3	Superconducting transmon	—	99.9 (Single-qubit gates) 94.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 95.1 (Two-qubit gates XY)	80[56]	December 2, 2022
Rigetti	Ankaa-2	Superconducting transmon	—	98 (Two-qubit gates)	84[57]	December 20, 2023
RIKEN	RIKEN[58]	Superconducting	—	—	53 effective (64 total)[59][60]	March 27, 2023	—
SaxonQ	Princess	Nitrogen-vacancy center			4[61]	June 26, 2024
SpinQ	Triangulum	Nuclear magnetic resonance			3[62]	September 2021
USTC	Jiuzhang	Photonics	—	—	76[63][64]	2020
USTC	Zuchongzhi	Superconducting	—	—	62[65]	2020
USTC	Zuchongzhi 2.1	Superconducting	lattice[66]	99.86 (Single-qubit gates) 99.41 (Two-qubit gates) 95.48 (Readout)	66[67]	2021
USTC	Zuchongzhi 3.0[68]	Superconducting transmon	15 x 7	99.90 (Single-qubit gates) 99.62 (Two-qubit gates) 99.18 (Readout)	105	December 16, 2024
Xanadu	Borealis[69]	Photonics (Continuous-variable)	—	—	216[69]	2022[69]
Xanadu	X8 [70]	Photonics (Continuous-variable)	—	—	8	2020
Xanadu	X12	Photonics (Continuous-variable)	—	—	12	2020[70]
Xanadu	X24	Photonics (Continuous-variable)	—	—	24	2020[70]
CAS	Xiaohong[71]	Superconducting	—	—	504[71]	2024

Annealing quantum processors

These QPUs are based on quantum annealing, not to be confused with digital annealing.^[72]

Manufacturer	Name/Codename /Designation	Architecture	Layout	Fidelity (%)	Qubits	Release date
D-Wave	D-Wave One (Rainier)	Superconducting	C4 = Chimera(4,4,4)[73] = 4×4 K4,4	—	128	May 11, 2011
D-Wave	D-Wave Two	Superconducting	C8 = Chimera(8,8,4)[73] = 8×8 K4,4	—	512	2013
D-Wave	D-Wave 2X	Superconducting	C12 = Chimera(12,12,4)[73] = 12×12 K4,4	—	1152	2015
D-Wave	D-Wave 2000Q	Superconducting	C16 = Chimera(16,16,4)[73] = 16×16 K4,4	—	2048	2017
D-Wave	D-Wave Advantage	Superconducting	Pegasus P16[74]	—	5760	2020
D-Wave	D-Wave Advantage 2[75][76][77][78]	Superconducting[75][76]	Zephyr Z15[78][79]	—	7440[80]	2024[75][76][77][78][79]

Analog quantum processors

These QPUs are based on analog Hamiltonian simulation.

Manufacturer	Name/Codename/Designation	Architecture	Layout	Fidelity (%)	Qubits	Release date
QuEra	Aquila	Neutral atoms	—	—	256[81]	November 2022

See also

• Quantum programming
• Timeline of quantum computing and communication