List of state leaders in the 1st century BC

See also: List of political entities in the 1st century BC

This is a list of state leaders in the 1st century BC (100–1 BC).

State leaders in the 2nd century BC – State leaders in the 1st century– State leaders by year

Africa

Africa: Northcentral

Libya

• Cyrene (complete list) –

• Ptolemy Apion, King (c.147–96 BC)

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

• Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (complete list) –

• Ptolemy IX Lathyros, Pharaoh (116–110 BC, 110–109 BC, 88–81 BC)
• Ptolemy X Alexander I, Pharaoh (110–109 BC, 107–88 BC)
• Berenice III, Pharaoh (101–88 BC, 81–80 BC)
• Ptolemy XI Alexander II, Pharaoh (80 BC)
• Ptolemy XII Auletes, Pharaoh (80–58 BC, 55–51 BC)
• Cleopatra VI, Pharaoh (58–57 BC)
• Berenice IV, Pharaoh (58–55 BC)
• Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Pharaoh (51–47 BC)
• Cleopatra VII, Pharaoh (51–30 BC)
• Arsinoe IV, Queen (48–47 BC)
• Ptolemy XIV, Pharaoh (47–44 BC)
• Caesarion, Pharaoh (44–30 BC)

Nubia

• Kush (complete list) –

• Tanyidamani, Qore (2nd–1st century BC)
• Naqyrinsan, Qore (early 1st century BC)
• Aqrakamani, Qore (late 1st century BC)
• Teriteqas, Qore (c.40 BC)
• Amanirenas, Kandake, Queen Regent (c.40–10 BC)
• Amanishakheto, Kandake, Queen Regent (c.10 BC–1 AD)
• Amanitore, Kandake, Queen Co-regent (c.40–10 BC)
• Amanikhabale, Qore (c.50–40 BC)

Africa: Northwest

Algeria

• Numidia (complete list) –

• Gauda, King (105–88 BC)
• Hiempsal II, King (88–60 BC)
• Juba I, King (60–46 BC)
• Juba II, client King under Rome (29–25 BC)

Morocco

• Mauretania (complete list) –

• Bocchus I, King (c.110–c.80s BC)
• Bocchus II, King (49–c.33 BC)
• Bogud, Co-King (49–c.38 BC)
• Juba II, client King under Rome (25 BC–23 AD)

Asia

Asia: East

China

• Western Han, China (complete list) –

• Wu, Emperor (141–87 BC)
• Zhao, Emperor (87–74 BC)
• Liu He, Emperor (74 BC)
• Xuan Di, Emperor (74–49 BC)
• Yuan, Emperor (48–33 BC)
• Cheng, Emperor (33–7 BC)
• Ai, Emperor (7–1 BC)
• Ping, Emperor (1 BC–5 AD)

Korea: Three Kingdoms

• Baekje (complete list) –

• Onjo, King (18 BC–28 AD)

• Eastern Buyeo (complete list) –

• Hae Buru, King (86–48 BC)
• Geumwa, King (48–7 BC)
• Daeso, King (7 BC–22 AD)

• Goguryeo (complete list) –

• Dongmyeong, King (37–19 BC)
• Yuri, King (19 BC–18 AD)

• Silla (complete list) –

• Hyeokgeose, King (57 BC–4 AD)

Asia: South

India

• Kanva dynasty (complete list) –

• Vasudeva (c.75–c.66 BC)
• Bhumimitra (c.66–c.52 BC)
• Narayana (c.52–c.40 BC)
• Susharman (c.40–c.30 BC)

• Satavahana dynasty (Purana-based chronology)^[1] –

• Satakarni II, King (141–85 BC)
• Lambodara, King (85–67 BC)
• Apilaka, King (67–55 BC)
• Meghasvati, King (55–37 BC)
• Svati, King (37–19 BC)
• Skandasvati, King (19–12 BC)
• Mrigendra Satakarni, King (12–9 BC)
• Kunatala Satakarni, King (9–1 BC)
• Satakarni III, King (1 BC–1 AD)

• Northern Satraps (complete list) –

• Hagamasha, Satrap (late 1st century BC)
• Hagana, Satrap (late 1st century BC)

• Shunga Empire (complete list) –

• Devabhuti, Emperor (83–73 BC)

Pakistan

• Apracharajas (complete list) –

• Indravarman, Raja (1st century BC)
• Vijayamitra, Raja (12 BC–15 AD)

Sri Lanka

• Anuradhapura Kingdom (complete list) –

• Pulahatta, King (103–100 BC)
• Bahiya, King (100–98 BC)
• Panya Mara, King (98–91 BC)
• Pilaya Mara, King (91–90 BC)
• Dathika, King (90–88 BC)
• Valagamba, King (104–103, c.89–77 BC)
• Mahakuli Mahatissa, King (76–62 BC)
• Chora Naga, King (62–50 BC)
• Kuda Tissa, King (50–47 BC)
• Siva I, King (47–47 BC)
• Vatuka, King (47–47 BC)
• Darubhatika Tissa, King (47–47 BC)
• Niliya, King (47–47 BC)
• Anula, King (47–42 BC)
• Kutakanna Tissa, King (42–20 BC)
• Bhatikabhaya Abhaya, King (20 BC–9 AD)

Asia: West

• Bithynia (complete list) –

• Nicomedes III Euergetes, King (127–94 BC)
• Nicomedes IV Philopator, King (94–74 BC)
• Socrates Chrestus, King (c.90 BC)

• Cappadocia (complete list) –

• Ariarathes VIII, client King under Rome (101–96 BC)
• Ariarathes IX, nominal King under Pontus (c. 95 BC)
• Ariobarzanes I, client King (95–c.63 BC)
• Ariobarzanes II, client King under Rome (c.63–51 BC)
• Ariobarzanes III, client King under Rome (51–42 BC)
• Ariarathes X, client King under Rome (42–36 BC)
• Archelaus, client King under Rome (36 BC–17 AD)

• Characene (complete list) –

• Tiraios I, King (95/94–90/89 BC)
• Tiraios II, King (79/78–49/48 BC)
• Artabazos I, King (49/48–48/47 BC)
• Attambelos I, King (47/46–25/24 BC)
• Theonesios I, King (c.19/18)
• Attambelos II, King (c.17/16 BC–8/9 AD)

• Bosporan Kingdom (complete list) –

• Asander, client King under Rome (47 BC, 44–17 BC)
• Dynamis, client Queen under Rome (47–14 BC)
• Mithridates, client King under Rome (47–44 BC)
• Scribonius, King (17–16 BC)
• Aspurgus, client King under Rome (8 BC–38 AD)

• Colchis (complete list) –

• Mithridates, client King under Pontus (fl. 65 BC)
• Machares, client King under Pontus (fl. 65 BC)
• Aristarchus, client King under Rome (65–47 BC)

• Commagene (complete list) –

• Mithridates I, King (109–70 BC)
• Antiochus I, King (70–38 BC)
• Mithridates II, King (38–20 BC)
• Mithridates III, King (20–12 BC)
• Antiochus III, King (12 BC–17 AD)

• Elymais (complete list) –

• Kamnaskires III Megas Nikephorus, client King under Parthia (c.85 BC)
• Kamnaskires IV, client King under Parthia (c.82/1–c.76/5 BC)
• Kamnaskires V, client King under Parthia (c.73/2–c.46 BC)^[2]
• Kamnaskires VI, client King under Parthia (c.46–c.28 BC)^[3]
• Kamnaskires VII, client King under Parthia (c.28 BC–c.1 AD)^[4]

• Indo-Greek Kingdom (complete list) –

• Antialcidas, King of Paropamisade, Arachosia, and Gandhara (115–95 BC)
• Heliokles II, King of Gandhara and Punjab (110–100 BC)
• Polyxenios, King of Paropamisade and Arachosia (c.100 BC)
• Demetrius III, King of Gandhara and Punjab (c.100 BC)
• Philoxenus, King of Paropamisade, Arachosia, Gandhara, and Punjab (100–95 BC)
• Diomedes, King of Paropamisade (95–90 BC)
• Amyntas, King of Arachosia and Gandhara (95–90 BC)
• Epander, King of Punjab (95–90 BC)
• Theophilos, King of Paropamisade (c.90 BC)
• Peukolaos, King of Arachosia and Gandhara (c.90 BC)
• Nicias, King of Paropamisade (90–85 BC)
• Menander II, King of Arachosia and Gandhara (90–85 BC)
• Hermaeus, King of Paropamisade (90–70 BC)
• Archebius, King of Arachosia, Gandhara, and Punjab (90–80 BC)
• Maues, Indo-Scythian King of Paropamisade, Arachosia, Gandhara, and Punjab (85–60 BC)
• Artemidoros, King of Gandhara/Punjab (c.80 BC)
• Apollodotus II, King of Punjab (80–65 BC)
• Telephos, King of Gandhara (75–70 BC)
• Hippostratos, King of Western Punjab (65–55 BC)
• Dionysios, King of Eastern Punjab (65–55 BC)
• Zoilos II, King of Eastern Punjab (55–35 BC)
• Apollophanes, King of Eastern Punjab (35–25 BC)
• Strato II and Strato III, Kings of Eastern Punjab (25 BC–10 AD)

• Indo-Scythian Kingdom (complete list) –

• Maues, King (c.85–60 BC)
• Vonones, King (c.75–65 BC)
• Spalahores, King (c.75–65 BC)
• Spalirises, King (c.60–57 BC)
• Azes I, King (c.57–35 BC)
• Azilises, King (c.57–35 BC)
• Azes II, King (c.35–12 BC)
• Zeionises, Sub-king (c.10 BC–10 AD)
• Kharahostes, Sub-king (c.10 BC–10 AD)

• Judea: Hasmonean dynasty (complete list) –

• Alexander Jannaeus, King and High Priest (103–76 BC)
• Alexandra Salome, Queen (76–67 BC)
• John Hyrcanus II

• High Priest (76–66, 63–40 BC)
• King (67–66 BC)
• Ethnarch (47–40 BC)

• Aristobulus II, King and High Priest (66–63 BC)
• Antipater, Procurator (47–44 BC)
• Antigonus, King and High Priest (40–37 BC)

• Judea: Herodian dynasty (complete list) –

• Herod the Great, client King under Rome (37–4 BC)

• Nabataea (complete list) –

• Aretas II, King (120/110–96 BC)
• Obodas I, King (c.96–85 BC)
• Aretas III, King (84–60/59 BC)
• Obodas II, King (62/61–60/59 BC)
• Malichus I, King (59–30 BC)
• Obodas III, King (30–9 BC)
• Aretas IV Philopatris, King (9/8 BC–39/40 AD)

• Osroene (complete list) –

• Bakru II, King (112–94 BC)
• Ma'nu I, King (94 BC)
• Abgar I, King (94–68 BC)
• Abgar II, King (68–52 BC)
• Ma'nu II, King (52–34 BC)
• Paqor of, King (34–29 BC)
• Abgar III, King (29–26 BC)
• Abgar IV, King (26–23 BC)
• Ma'nu III, King (23–4 BC)
• Abgar V, King (4 BC–7 AD, 13–50)

• Parthian Empire (complete list) –

• Mithridates II, Great King, Shah (124–88 BC)
• Gotarzes I, Great King, Shah (95–90 BC)
• Orodes I, Great King, Shah (90–80 BC)
• Sanatruces, Great King, Shah (77–70 BC)
• Phraates III, Great King, Shah (70–57 BC)
• Mithridates III, Great King, Shah (57–54 BC)
• Orodes II, Great King, Shah (57–38 BC)
• Pacorus I,§ Great King, Shah (51 BC)
• Phraates IV, Great King, Shah (37–2 BC)
• Tiridates II,§ Great King, Shah (32 BC)
• Musa, Great Queen, Shah (2 BC–4 AD)
• Phraates V, Great King, Shah (2 BC–4 AD)

• Pontus (complete list) –

• Mithridates VI, King (120–63 BC)
• Pharnaces II, client King under Rome (63–47 BC)
• Darius, client King under Rome (39–37 BC)
• Arsaces, client King under Rome (c.37 BC)
• Polemon I, client King under Rome (37–8 BC)
• Pythodorida, client Queen under Rome (8 BC–38 AD)

• Seleucid Empire (complete list) –

• Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, King (114–96 BC)
• Seleucus VI Epiphanes, King (96–95 BC)
• Antiochus X Eusebes, King (95–92/83 BC)
• Antiochus XI Epiphanes, King (95–87 BC)
• Demetrius III Eucaerus, King (95–92 BC)
• Philip I Philadelphus, King (95–84/83 BC)
• Antiochus XII Dionysus, King (87–84 BC)
• Seleucus VII Kybiosaktes, King (83–69 BC)
• Antiochus XIII Asiaticus, King (69–64 BC)
• Philip II Philoromaeus, King (65–63 BC)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

• Sapaean kingdom of Thrace (complete list) –

• Cotys I, King (57–48 BC)
• Rhescuporis I, King (48–41 BC)

• Odrysian kingdom of Thrace (complete list) –

• Teres III, King (c.149 BC)
• Beithys, King (140–120 BC)
• Cotys V, King (120–? BC)
• Sadalas I, King (87–79 BC)
• Cotys VI, King (57–48 BC)
• Sadalas II, King (48–42 BC)
• Sadalas III, King (42–31 BC)
• Rhescuporis II, King (18–13 BC)
• Rhascus, King (18–11 BC)
• Rhoemetalces I, King (12 BC–12 AD)

Europe: British Isles

• Atrebates (complete list) –

• Commius, King (57–c.22 BC
• Tincomarus, King (c.22–8 AD)
• Eppillus, King (8–15)
• Verica, King (15–40)

• Catuvellauni (complete list) –

• Cassivellaunus, Chieftain/Leader (c. 54 BC)
• Tasciovanus, King (c.20 BC–9 AD)

Europe: Central

• Marcomanni (complete list) –

• Maroboduus, King (9 BC–19 AD)

Europe: East

• Dacia (complete list) –

• Charnabon, King (5th century BC)
• Histrianorum, King (c.339 BC)
• Cothelas, King (4th century BC) ^[5]
• Dual, King (3rd century BC)
• Rhemaxos,^[6] King (c.200 BC)^[7]
• Moskon, King (3rd century BC)
• Dromichaetes, King (3rd century BC)^[8]
• Zalmodegicus, King (late 3rd century BC)^[9][10]
• Rubobostes, King (2nd century BC)^[11]
• Oroles, King (2nd century BC)^[12]
• Dicomes, King (1st century BC)^[13]
• Rholes, King (1st century BC)^[14]
• Dapyx, King (1st century BC)^[15]
• Cotiso, King (1st century BC)^[16]
• Zyraxes, King (1st century BC)^[17]
• Burebista, King (82–44 BC)^[18]
• Comosicus, King (44 BC–28 AD)^[19]

Europe: South

• Roman Republic (complete list) –

• 100

• Gaius Marius, Consul
• Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Consul

• 99

• Marcus Antonius, Consul
• Aulus Postumius Albinus, Consul

• 98

• Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Consul
• Titus Didius, Consul

• 97

• Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Consul
• Publius Licinius Crassus, Consul

• 96

• Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Consul
• Gaius Cassius Longinus, Consul

• 95

• Lucius Licinius Crassus, Consul
• Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex, Consul

• 94

• Gaius Coelius Caldus, Consul
• Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Consul

• 93

• Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Consul
• Marcus Herennius, Consul

• 92

• Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Consul
• Marcus Perperna, Consul

• 91

• Lucius Marcius Philippus, Consul
• Sextus Julius Caesar, Consul

• 90

• Lucius Julius Caesar, Consul
• Publius Rutilius Lupus, Consul

• 89

• Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Consul
• Lucius Porcius Cato, Consul

• 88

• Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Consul
• Quintus Pompeius Rufus, Consul

• 87

• Gnaeus Octavius, Consul^[20]
• Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul^[21]
• Lucius Cornelius Merula, Suffect consul^[22]

• 86

• Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul^[23]
• Gaius Marius, Consul
• Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Suffect consul

• 85

• Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul
• Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Consul

• 84

• Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Consul
• Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul

• 83

• Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, Consul
• Gaius Norbanus, Consul

• 82

• Gaius Marius the Younger, Consul
• Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Consul

• 81

• Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Dictator (82–79 BC)
• Marcus Tullius Decula, Consul
• Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella, Consul

• 80

• Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Consul
• Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Consul

• 79

• Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, Consul
• Appius Claudius Pulcher, Consul

• 78

• Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Consul
• Quintus Lutatius Catulus, Consul

• 77

• Decimus Junius Brutus, Consul
• Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus, Consul

• 76

• Gnaeus Octavius, Consul
• Gaius Scribonius Curio, Consul

• 75

• Lucius Octavius, Consul
• Gaius Aurelius Cotta, Consul

• 74

• Lucullus, Consul
• Marcus Aurelius Cotta, Consul

• 73

• Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, Consul
• Gaius Cassius Longinus, Consul

• 72

• Lucius Gellius Publicola, Consul
• Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Consul

• 71

• Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, Consul
• Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes, Consul

• 70

• Pompey, Consul
• Marcus Licinius Crassus, Consul

• 69

• Quintus Hortensius, Consul
• Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus, Consul

• 68

• Lucius Caecilius Metellus, Consul
• Quintus Marcius Rex, Consul

• 67

• Gaius Calpurnius Piso, Consul
• Manius Acilius Glabrio, Consul

• 66

• Manius Aemilius Lepidus, Consul
• Lucius Volcatius Tullus, Consul

• 65

• Lucius Aurelius Cotta, Consul
• Lucius Manlius Torquatus, Consul

• 64

• Lucius Julius Caesar, Consul
• Gaius Marcius Figulus, Consul

• 63

• Marcus Tullius Cicero, Consul
• Gaius Antonius Hybrida, Consul

• 62

• Decimus Junius Silanus, Consul
• Lucius Licinius Murena, Consul

• 61

• Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus, Consul
• Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger, Consul

• 60

• Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer, Consul
• Lucius Afranius, Consul

• 59

• Julius Caesar, Consul
• Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, Consul

• 58

• Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Consul
• Aulus Gabinius, Consul

• 57

• Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Consul
• Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Consul

• 56

• Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Consul
• Lucius Marcius Philippus, Consul

• 55

• Pompey, Consul
• Marcus Licinius Crassus, Consul

• 54

• Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Consul
• Appius Claudius Pulcher, Consul

• 53

• Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, Consul
• Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus, Consul

• 52

• Pompey, Consul
• Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica, Consul

• 51

• Servius Sulpicius Rufus, Consul
• Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Consul

• 50

• Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Consul
• Gaius Claudius Marcellus, Consul

• 49

• Gaius Claudius Marcellus, Consul
• Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Consul

• Julius Caesar, Dictator (49–44 BC)
• Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Triumvir of the Africa Province (43–36 BC)
• Mark Antony, Triumvir of the East (43–27 BC)
• Augustus/ Octavian, Triumvir of the West (43–27 BC)

• Roman Empire: Principate (complete list) –

• Augustus/ Octavian, Principate, Emperor (27 BC–14 AD)

Eurasia: Caucasus

• Armenia (complete list) –

Artaxiad Dynasty

• Artavasdes I, King (123–95 BC)
• Tigranes II, the Great, King (95–55 BC)
• Artavasdes II, King (55–34 BC)
• Artaxias II, King (33–20 BC)
• Tigranes III, King (20–10 BC)
• Tigranes IV, King, co-monarch (10–2 BC)
• Erato, Queen, co-monarch (10–2 BC)

non-dynastic

• Ariobarzanes, client King under Rome (2 BC–4)

• Iberia (Kartli) (complete list) –

• Pharnajom, King (109–90 BC)
• Artaxias I, King (90–78 BC)
• Artoces, King (78–63 BC)
• Pharnavaz II, King (63–32 BC)
• Mirian II, King (30–20 BC)
• Arshak II, King (20 BC–1 AD)