Luther Duncan

Luther Noble Duncan (14 October 1875 – 26 July 1947) was an American educator and administrator. He is recognized as a pioneer in 4-H youth development, a director of the Alabama Extension Service (now Alabama Cooperative Extension System), and president of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (now Auburn University).^[1]

Luther Duncan
Born	October 14, 1875 Rockwood, near Russellville, Alabama
Died	July 26, 1947(1947-07-26) (aged 71) Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama
Education	B.S., M.S., Alabama Polytechnic Institute (now Auburn University)
Occupation(s)	4-H Pioneer Educator Administrator
Title	President of Alabama Polytechnic Institute (now Auburn University)
Term	1935-1947
Spouse	Annie Elizabeth Smith (married 1902)
Parent(s)	Thomas A. Duncan and Margaret (Hargett) Duncan

Early life

Duncan was born in Franklin County, Alabama, on 14 October 1875.

In 1896, he enrolled at Auburn University (AU), then known as the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (API), where he gradually rose through the ranks to the position of student leader, was nominated for senior class president, and graduated with honors.

Following graduation, Duncan returned to northwest Alabama, where he was initially employed as a schoolteacher, and later moved to the agricultural school in Wetumpka, where he worked as an instructor. Afterwards, he eventually returned to Auburn University, where he worked as an instructor and researcher under the direction of agricultural scientist J.F. Duggar.^[1]

Exposure to Extension Work

Duncan's work with Auburn University, farmer institutes, and similar types of efforts strengthened his knowledge of what would become known as Cooperative Extension work. He was especially influenced by the work of Seaman A. Knapp, one of the pioneers of Extension Education. During this early stage of his career, he also completed his master's degree at AU in 1907.^[1]

Duncan was eventually appointed a professor of Agricultural Extension in Auburn University's agricultural school, jointly employed by AU and by the United States Department of Agriculture, as he was entrusted with serving as a "demonstration expert."

Duncan organized boys' corn clubs throughout the state. By 1909, these state corn clubs held over 2,000 participants. By 1911, the number had grown to 10,000 members. Over time, these boys' clubs would be integrated with girls' clubs to form what are now known as 4-H clubs.^[2]

Duncan also played a major role in educational efforts aimed at raising cotton, peanuts, and tomatoes, diversifying Alabama's agriculture, and promoting hog and poultry production.

By 1915, following the signing into law of the Smith-Lever Act, which formally established Cooperative Extension work in Alabama and the rest of the nation, Duncan was serving as superintendent of Junior and Home Economics Extension in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Meanwhile, Duggar, Duncan's mentor, assumed the directorship of the newly organized Alabama Extension Service. The dual units persisted until Duncan assumed leadership of the Alabama Extension Service in 1920.^[3]

Alabama Extension Service Director

Duncan Hall, the Auburn University headquarters of the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, is named after Duncan. In honor of Duncan, the building was constructed with limestone from Duncan's native Franklin County.

Along with Duggar's initial efforts, Duncan was instrumental in laying the groundwork for Cooperative Extension work in Alabama, ensuring the transition of Extension work from a primarily USDA-driven effort to one in which API, the state's first land-grant university, held primary responsibility. Duncan was responsible for overseeing efforts to adopt new forms of technological delivery, including the purchase of a 1,000-watt radio station to broadcast educational information to the state's farm population.

Duncan demanded near perfection from his employees. He expected them not only to display a level of maturity: "in order to secure and maintain the confidence and respect of farm people" but also to possess: "unbounded energy, zeal, optimism, enthusiasm, and persistency" — habits that should reflect "the very highest character."

"A man entering upon his duties of the day without a shave or with a dirty collar … will never get very far with what he represents," Duncan once said.^[4]

The Farm Bureau Controversy

On the other hand, Duncan was criticized for his organization's close association with the Farm Bureau. From Cooperative Extension's inception, agents worked with a wide array of agencies and other organizations associated with farming. However, there was a closer relationship with the Farm Bureau, which was organized on the API campus at Duncan's behest in 1921. Cooperative Extension work was widely considered a success in providing research-based information to the state's farmers. However, much of this progress was stymied by the lack of a cooperative farm marketing mechanism — the reason for organizing a nationwide network of Farm Bureaus. Critics maintained that Duncan favored the Farm Bureau over other farm organizations and even dictated Farm Bureau policy — a charge Duncan repeatedly denied.

Duncan's actions reflected, to a large degree, those of the USDA, which had generally supported a close working relationship with Farm Bureau. Nevertheless, Duncan drew harsh criticism from the USDA for acquiescing to the publication of a circular that instructed Alabama Extension agents about how to recruit Farm Bureau members and to collect their dues. The publication was subsequently withdrawn.

Duncan stressed that one of the original charges of the Extension Service was to advise farm organizations. He also contended that in supporting the Farm Bureau, he was merely assisting the farm organization with the best prospects for success. Duncan conceded that relations between Extension and Farm Bureau had been too close at times, such as when Extension agents collected dues on behalf of the Farm Bureau. However, he stressed that these problems had been resolved.

An investigation by the Alabama Polytechnic Institute's Board of Trustees determined no wrongdoing.^[5]

President of Alabama Polytechnic Institute

Duncan, who had developed a strong reputation for managing a statewide organization on a lean budget, was heavily favored by the state's business and professional interests to succeed Bradford Knapp as president of AU. As far as many of them were concerned, this was precisely the kind of management style AU needed in 1932, only three years after the onset of the Great Depression.

Nevertheless, Duncan's past association with the Farm Bureau continued to draw criticism from Victor Hanson, an AU trustee and Birmingham News publisher.^[6] Following a statewide newspaper campaign organized at Hanson's behest against Duncan, the AU trustees, unable to reach agreement on Knapp's successor, appointed a three-man executive committee, which included Duncan, to manage the institute's affairs until final agreement could be reached on a permanent successor. Duncan's financial acumen during this especially cash-strapped period of the AU's history eventually won over a majority of AU trustees. Duncan was installed as the AU president in 1935.

Duncan fought for what he considered to be AU's fair share of state funding. While he remained a strong supporter of cooperation among Alabama's institutions of higher learning, he nonetheless stressed that this cooperation never should work to the detriment of AU.

Duncan Drive on the Auburn University campus is named after Duncan to honor his long service as Extension Service director and, later, president.

Duncan maintained that the prevailing interpretation of the state's Teacher-Training Equalization Fund greatly favored the University of Alabama at the AU's expense, even consigning the AU to second-class status.

Working closely with Alabama Governor Bibb Graves, U.S. Senator John H. Bankhead, and E.A. O'Neal, president of the American Farm Bureau, Duncan eventually secured passage of the Bankhead-Jones Act, which increased funding for resident teaching, agricultural research, and agricultural extension.

Duncan also was a strong supporter of the equalization principle that each Alabama student should receive the same level of state support regardless of the institution attended. Moreover, he also publicly advocated for a cooperative recruitment plan and the assignment of roles to Alabama and the AU so that each could "render maximum service" in the areas it was best equipped to serve. However, stiff opposition at the time prevented much of this from being realized in his lifetime.

Towards the end of his career, Duncan came into more conflict over Extension's longstanding relationship with the Alabama Farm Bureau. Incoming populist Gov. James "Big Jim" Folsom, along with API trustee and Folsom supporter Gould Beech, maintained that agriculture had suffered a relative decline — a problem, they claimed, that was due in large part to Alabama Extension — and that Extension was still engaged in improper political activity with the Farm Bureau.

Duncan unexpectedly died on 26 July 1947, at the President's Mansion of Alabama Polytechnic Institute, his residence at the time. He was 71.^[7]

Legacy

Duncan remains a somewhat controversial figure in Alabama history. He is recognized for transforming the Alabama Extension Service and the AU into the driving forces on the Alabama political scene. Furthermore, he is also considered as a visionary and reformer — an early and vocal proponent of equitable funding for Alabama higher education, though one who never hesitated to secure what he considered to be the AU's fair share.^[7]