Lymphocryptovirus

Lymphocryptovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. This genus includes the human-infecting Human gammaherpesvirus 4 (Epstein–Barr virus), as well as viruses that infect both Old World monkeys and New World monkeys.^[2] Other names for the Lymphocryptovirus genus include Lymphocryptoviridae (suffix -viridae implying family rank, although this is not the accepted taxonomy) and gamma-1 herpesviruses. There are nine species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.^[3][4]

Lymphocryptovirus
Electron micrograph of two Human gammaherpesvirus 4 virions (viral particles) showing round capsids loosely surrounded by the membrane envelope
Virus classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Duplodnaviria
Kingdom:	Heunggongvirae
Phylum:	Peploviricota
Class:	Herviviricetes
Order:	Herpesvirales
Family:	Orthoherpesviridae
Subfamily:	Gammaherpesvirinae
Genus:	Lymphocryptovirus
Species
See text
Synonyms[1]
Unnamed genus 3 Gamma-1 herpesviruses

Species

The genus consists of the following nine species:^[4]

• Lymphocryptovirus callitrichinegamma3, also called Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3
• Lymphocryptovirus gorillinegamma1, also called Gorilline gammaherpesvirus 1
• Lymphocryptovirus humangamma4, commonly called Epstein–Barr virus
• Lymphocryptovirus macacinegamma4, also called Macacine gammaherpesvirus 4
• Lymphocryptovirus macacinegamma10, also called Macacine gammaherpesvirus 10
• Lymphocryptovirus macacinegamma13
• Lymphocryptovirus paninegamma1, also called Panine gammaherpesvirus 1
• Lymphocryptovirus papiinegamma1, also called Papiine gammaherpesvirus 1
• Lymphocryptovirus ponginegamma2', also called Pongine gammaherpesvirus 2

Structure

Viruses in Lymphocryptovirus are enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical to pleomorphic, and round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 150-200 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 180kb in length.^[3]

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic arrangement	Genomic segmentation
Lymphocryptovirus	Spherical pleomorphic	T=16	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is nuclear, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and budding. Human and mammals serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are zoonosis, bite, contact, and saliva.^[3]

Genus	Host details	Tissue tropism	Entry details	Release details	Replication site	Assembly site	Transmission
Lymphocryptovirus	Humans; mammals	B-lymphocytes	Glycoprotiens	Budding	Nucleus	Nucleus	Saliva