Margaritifera auricularia

Margaritifera auricularia is a species of European freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Margaritiferidae, the freshwater pearl mussels. Formerly found throughout western and central Europe, the species is now critically endangered and is one of the rarest invertebrates worldwide, being confined to a few rivers in Spain and France.^[1][3] M. auricularia is commonly known as Spengler's freshwater mussel in honour of Lorenz Spengler, who first described this species.

Spengler's freshwater mussel
A shell of Spengler's freshwater mussel collected by Fritz Haas in Spain
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Bivalvia
Order:	Unionida
Family:	Margaritiferidae
Genus:	Margaritifera
Species:	M. auricularia
Binomial name
Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793)
Synonyms
Unio auricularius Spengler, 1793 Pseudunio auricularia (Spengler, 1793) Pseudunio auricularius auricularius (Spengler, 1793)[2] Unio sinuata Lamarck, 1819

Description

Spengler's freshwater mussel, a subfossil valve from the Holocene Scheldt deposits, in Belgium

Large shells are up to 180 mm in length.

Taxonomy

There are different opinions on the taxonomy of this species.

The species was originally described as Unio auricularius Spengler, 1793.

When it is placed in the genus Margaritifera Schumacher, 1816, it is considered to be:

• Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793)

At other times it is placed in the genus Pseudunio F. Haas, 1910, in which case it is known as:

• Pseudunio auricularia (Spengler, 1793)

Sometimes it is given the masculine gender:

• Pseudunio auricularius auricularius (Spengler, 1793)

Distribution

It is found in:

• France – recent distribution^[2]
• Italy – recent
• Spain – recent^[4]
• Portugal – recent(?) or fossil(?)^{[citation needed]}
• maybe in some rivers in north Africa:^[5] Morocco^[6]
• Germany – locally extinct from upper Rhine after 1500^[5]
• Netherlands – extinct or fossil^{[citation needed]}
• Belgium – extinct or fossil^{[citation needed]}
• Luxembourg – extinct or fossil^{[citation needed]}
• Czech Republic – only fossil records in layers with settlement from neolite: Ďáblice, Kobylisy, Roztoky, Podbaba.^[6]
• United Kingdom – ?^{[citation needed]}

Ecology

The fish hosts for the glochidium larvae of this species are: Salaria fluviatilis, Gambusia holbrooki, Acipenser baerii, Acipenser naccarii and Acipenser sturio.^[5]

The hosts for this species were unknown for a long time: as recently as 1998 they were still not known.^[7]

See also

• Margaritifera laevis