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Masaoka Shiki
Japanese poet, author, and literary critic From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Masaoka Shiki (正岡 子規; Japanese pronunciation: [ma.saꜜ.o.ka | ɕi̥.kʲiꜜ, -sa.o.ka ɕi̥.kʲiꜜ],[2] October 14, 1867 – September 19, 1902), pen-name of Masaoka Noboru (正岡 升),[3] was a Japanese poet, author, and literary critic in Meiji period Japan. Shiki is regarded as a major figure in the development of modern haiku poetry,[4] credited with writing nearly 20,000 stanzas during his short life.[5] He also wrote on reform of tanka poetry.[6]
Some consider Masaoka to be one of the four great haiku masters, the others being Matsuo Bashō, Yosa Buson, and Kobayashi Issa.[7][8]
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Early life
Shiki, or rather Tsunenori (常規) as he was originally named,[9] was born in Matsuyama City in Iyo Province (present day Ehime Prefecture) to a samurai class family of modest means.[1] As a child, he was called Tokoronosuke (處之助); in adolescence, his name was changed to Noboru (升).[citation needed]
His father, Tsunenao (正岡常尚),[10][11] was an alcoholic who died when Shiki was five years of age.[1] His mother, Yae,[12] was a daughter of Ōhara Kanzan, a Confucian scholar.[1] Kanzan was the first of Shiki's extra-school tutors; at the age of 7 the boy began reading Mencius under his tutelage.[13] Shiki later confessed to being a less-than-diligent student.[13]
At age 15 Shiki became something of a political radical, attaching himself to the then-waning Freedom and People's Rights Movement and getting himself banned from public speaking by the principal of Matsuyama Middle School, which he was attending.[14] Around this time he developed an interest in moving to Tokyo and did so in 1883.[15]
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Education
The young Shiki first attended his hometown Matsuyama Middle School, where Kusama Tokiyoshi, a leader of the discredited Freedom and People's Rights Movement, had recently served as principal.[14] In 1883, a maternal uncle arranged for him to come to Tokyo.[15] Shiki was first enrolled in Kyōritsu Middle School and later matriculated into University Preparatory School.[16] (Daigaku Yobimon) affiliated with Imperial University (Teikoku Daigaku).[17] While studying here, the teenage Shiki enjoyed playing baseball[18] and befriended fellow student Natsume Sōseki, who would go on to become a famous novelist.[19]
He entered Tokyo Imperial University in 1890.[20] But by 1892 Shiki, by his own account too engrossed in haiku writing, failed his final examinations, left the Hongō dormitory that had been provided to him by a scholarship, and dropped out of college.[20] Others say tuberculosis, an illness that dogged his later life, was the reason he left school.[21]
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Literary career
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While Shiki is best known as a haiku poet,[22] he wrote other genres of poetry,[23] prose criticism of poetry,[24] autobiographical prose,[24] and was a short prose essayist.[12] (His earliest surviving work is a school essay, Yōken Setsu ("On Western Dogs"), where he praises the varied utility of western dogs as opposed to Japanese ones, which "only help in hunting and scare away burglars."[25])
Contemporary to Shiki was the idea that traditional Japanese poetic short forms, such as the haiku and tanka, were waning due to their incongruity in the modern Meiji period.[16] Shiki, at times, expressed similar sentiments.[26] There were no great living practitioners although these forms of poetry retained some popularity.[27]
Despite an atmosphere of decline, only a year or so after his 1883 arrival in Tokyo, Shiki began writing haiku.[20] In 1892, the same year he dropped out of university, Shiki published a serialized work advocating haiku reform, Dassai Shooku Haiwa or "Talks on Haiku from the Otter's Den".[22] A month after completion of this work, in November 1892, he was offered a position as haiku editor in the paper that had published it, Nippon, and maintained a close relationship with this journal throughout his life.[22] In 1895 another serial was published in the same paper, "A Text on Haikai for Beginners", Haikai Taiyō.[22] These were followed by other serials: Meiji Nijūkunen no Haikukai or "The Haiku World of 1896" where he praised works by disciples[28] Takahama Kyoshi and Kawahigashi Hekigotō,[29] Haijin Buson or "The Haiku Poet Buson" (1896–1897[29]) expressing Shiki's idea of this 18th-century poet whom he identifies with his school of haiku,[6] and Utayomi ni Atauru Sho or "Letters to a Tanka Poet" (1898) where he urged reform of the tanka poetry form.[6]
The above work, on tanka, is an example of Shiki's expanded focus during the last few years of his life. He died four years after taking up tanka as a topic.[30] Bedsore and morphine-addled, little more than a year before his death Shiki began writing sickbed diaries.[31] These three are Bokujū Itteki or "A Drop of Ink" (1901), Gyōga Manroku or "Stray Notes While Lying on My Back" (1901–1902), and Byōshō Rokushaku or "A Sixfoot Sickbed" (1902).[6]
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Later life
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Shiki suffered from tuberculosis (TB) much of his life. In 1888[32] or 1889[33] he began coughing up blood[16] and soon adopted the pen-name "Shiki" from the Japanese hototogisu—the Japanese name for lesser cuckoos.[33] The Japanese word hototogisu can be written with various combinations of Chinese characters, including 子規, which can alternatively be read as either "hototogisu" or "shiki". It is a Japanese conceit that this bird coughs blood as it sings,[33] hence the pen-name "Shiki" (as a symptom of TB is coughing blood).
Suffering from the early symptoms of TB, Shiki sought work as a war correspondent in the First Sino-Japanese War[33] and, while eventually obtaining his goal, he arrived in China after the April 17, 1895 signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.[34] Instead of reporting on the war, he spent an unpleasant time harassed by Japanese soldiers[35] in Dalian, Luangtao, and the Lüshunkou District, meeting on May 10, 1895[36] the famous novelist Mori Ōgai, who was at the time an army doctor.[34]
Living in filthy conditions in China apparently worsened his TB.[34] Shiki continued to cough blood throughout his return voyage to Japan and was hospitalized in Kobe.[34] After being discharged, he returned to his home town of Matsuyama city and convalesced in the home of the famed novelist Natsume Sōseki.[34] During this time he took on disciples and promulgated a style of haiku that emphasized gaining inspiration from personal experiences of nature.[34] Still in Matsuyama in 1897, a member of this group, Yanigihara Kyokudō, established a haiku magazine, Hototogisu,[6] an allusion to Shiki's pen name.[33] Operation of this magazine was quickly moved to Tokyo. Takahama Kyoshi, another disciple,[28] assumed control and the magazine's scope was extended to include prose work.[12]
Shiki came to Tokyo,[37] and his group of disciples there were known as the "Nippon school" after the paper where he had been haiku editor and that now published the group's work.[29]
Although bedridden by 1897,[6] Shiki's disease worsened further around 1901.[12] He developed Pott's disease and began using morphine as a painkiller.[12] By 1902 he may have been relying heavily on the drug.[38] During this time Shiki wrote three autobiographical works.[6] He died of tuberculosis in 1902 at age 34.[33]
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Legacy
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Shiki may be credited with salvaging traditional short-form Japanese poetry and carving out a niche for it in the modern Meiji period.[39] While he advocated reform of haiku, this reform was based on the idea that haiku was a legitimate literary genre.[40] He argued that haiku should be judged by the same yardstick that is used when measuring the value of other forms of literature — something that was contrary to views held by prior poets.[41] Shiki firmly placed haiku in the category of literature, and this was unique.[citation needed]
Some modern haiku deviate from the traditional 5–7–5 sound pattern and dispensing with the kigo ("season word"); Shiki's haiku reform advocated neither break with tradition.[7]
His particular style rejected "the puns or fantasies often relied on by the old school" in favor of "realistic observation of nature".[42] Shiki, like other Meiji period writers,[citation needed] borrowed a dedication to realism from Western literature. This is evident in his approach to both haiku[40] and tanka.[43]
Baseball
Shiki played baseball as a teenager and was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002.[18] A group of 1898 tanka by him mention the sport.[44]
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See also
References
Further reading
External links
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