Maud Marshal

Maud Marshal, Countess of Norfolk, Countess of Surrey (1192 – 27 March 1248) was an Anglo-Norman noblewoman and a wealthy co-heiress of her father William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and her mother Isabel de Clare suo jure 4th Countess of Pembroke. Maud was their eldest daughter.^[1] She had two husbands: Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, and William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey.

Maud Marshal
Countess of Norfolk Countess of Surrey
Born	1192
Died	27 March 1248
Noble family	Marshal de Clare
Spouse(s)	Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey
Issue	Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk Hugh Bigod Isabel Bigod Ralph Bigod William Bigod John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey Isabella de Warenne
Father	William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
Mother	Isabel de Clare, suo jure 4th Countess of Pembroke

Maud was also known as Matilda Marshal.

Family

Maud's birthdate is unknown other than being at the latest 1192.^[2] She was the eldest daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke, herself one of the greatest heiresses in Wales and Ireland.^[2] She was a member of the Marshal Family. Maud had five brothers and four younger sisters and was the longest lived of the siblings.^[3] She was a co-heiress to her parents' extensive rich estates.

Her paternal grandparents were John FitzGilbert Marshal and Sybilla of Salisbury, and her maternal grandparents were Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, known as "Strongbow", and Aoife of Leinster, Princess of Leinster and Countess of Pembroke.^[4]

Marriages and issue

Sometime before Lent in 1207, Maud married her first husband, Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk.^[5] It was through this marriage between Maud and Hugh that the post of Earl Marshal of England came finally to the Howard Dukes of Norfolk.^[6] In 1215, Hugh was one of the twenty-five sureties of Magna Carta. He came into his inheritance in 1221, thus Maud became the Countess of Norfolk at that time.

Together they had children:^[7]

• Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (1209–1270). He married Isabella of Scotland in 1125,^[8] when she was at least 27 years old.^[9] He became a ward of his new brother-in-law King Alexander II of Scotland until 1128.^[10] Roger died childless and was succeeded by his nephew.
• Hugh Bigod (1212–1266), Justiciar of England. Married Joan de Stuteville, by whom he had four sons and four daughters.^[11]
• Isabel Bigod (c. 1215–1250), married firstly Gilbert de Lacy of Ewyas Lacy, by whom she had issue; and secondly John Fitzgeoffrey, Lord of Shere, by whom she had issue.
• Ralph Bigod (born c. 1218, date of death unknown), married Bertha de Furnival, by whom he had one child.

Hugh Bigod died in 1225. One of Maud's first acts as a widow was to transfer some Bigod lands to her son Roger.^[3]

Maud married her second husband, William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey before 13 October that same year.^[8]

Together they had two children:

• Isabella de Warenne (c. 1228 – before 20 September 1282), married Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel.^[12] She was widowed aged about 17 and the couple had no children. She became a religious patron and in 1249 she founded Marham Abbey in Norfolk on part of her land.^[12]
• John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (August 1231 – c. 29 September 1304), in 1247 married Alice de Lusignan, a half-sister of King Henry III of England,^[13] by whom he had three children.

Maud's second husband died in 1240 and she became a wealthy double dowager,^[14] with dower rights accrued from both of her marriages.^[8]

Her youngest son John succeeded his father as the 6th Earl of Surrey, but as he was a minor, Peter of Savoy, uncle of Queen consort Eleanor of Provence, was guardian of his estates.

Death

Maud died on 27 March 1248 at the age of about fifty-six years and was buried at Tintern Abbey with her mother, possibly her maternal grandmother, and two of her brothers Walter and Anselm.^[3]

Maud Marshal in literature

Maud Marshal is the subject of a novel by Elizabeth Chadwick, titled To Defy a King. In the book, she is called Mahelt rather than Maud. She and her first husband Hugh Bigod appear as secondary characters in books chronicling their parents's lives: The Time of Singing (UK: Sphere, 2008) published in the US as For the King's Favor; The Greatest Knight; and The Scarlet Lion.

Ancestors

Source:^[15]

Ancestors of Maud Marshal

8. Gilbert 4. John FitzGilbert 9. Margaret 2. William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 10. Walter of Salisbury 5. Sybilla of Salisbury 22. Patrick de Chaworth 11. Sybilla de Chaworth 23. Maud Hesdin 1. Lady Maud Marshal 24. Gilbert FitzRichard, Lord of Clare 12. Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke 25. Adeliza de Clermont-en-Beauvaisis 6. Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 26. Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester 13. Isabel de Beaumont 27. Élisabeth de Vermandois 3. Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke 28.Donnchadh mac Murchada, King of Leinster 14. Diarmait, King of Leinster 29 Orlaith ingen O'Braenain 7. Aoife MacMurrough, Princess of Leinster 30. Muirchertach Ua Tuathail 15. Mór Ní Tuathail 31. Cacht Ní Morda