Mbugu language

Maʼa is a Bantu language of Tanzania.

Mbugu
Kimbugu
Native to	Tanzania
Region	Usambara Mountains
Ethnicity	32,000 Mbugu[1]
Native speakers	(7,000 cited 1997)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Northeast Bantu Northeast Coast Bantu Pare-Taveta Pareic Mbugu
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mhd
Glottolog	mbug1240
Guthrie code	G.221[2]

Maʼa
Kimaʼa
Native to	Tanzania
Region	Usambara Mountains
Language family	mixed Cushitic–Pare
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	None
Guthrie code	G.20A[2]
ELP	Mbugu

The Mbugu people speak two divergent registers, which have been treated as separate languages by some authorities (e.g. Tucker and Bryan): Mbugu or "Normal Mbugu" (autonym kiMbugu) is purely Bantu, with vocabulary closely related to Pare, while Maʼa or "Inner Mbugu" (autonym kiMaʼa) consists of Cushitic vocabulary with Bantu morphology similar to that of Shambala and Pare. They share a grammar, to the point that their syntax is identical and a passage in one can be translated to the other simply by changing the content words.^[3]

The Cushitic element was identified as a unique branch of South Cushitic by Ehret. However, Kießling (2001) notes a large East Cushitic admixture.^[4] Mous presents the Cushitic element as a register of a Bantu language, and identifies it as largely East Cushitic rather than South Cushitic.^[5]

Phonology

Consonants

Normal Mbugu distinguishes 29 consonants. Inner Mbugu distinguishes an additional four: /ʔ ɬ x ^ŋ̊x/, for a total of 33. The table below displays the consonants of Mbugu in IPA format, along with Mous' (1995)^{[citation needed]} practical orthography in angle brackets where it differs from IPA.

Table of Mbugu consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			central	lateral
Nasal		m	n		ɲ ⟨ny⟩	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		c ⟨ch⟩	k	ʔ ⟨'⟩[a]
	implosive	ɓ ⟨b⟩	ɗ ⟨d⟩		ʄ ⟨j⟩	ɠ ⟨g⟩
Prenasalized plosive	voiceless	ᵐ̥p ⟨mhp⟩	ⁿ̥t ⟨nht⟩			ᵑ̊k ⟨nhk⟩
	voiced	ᵐb ⟨mb⟩	ⁿd ⟨nd⟩			ᵑɡ ⟨ng⟩
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ɬ ⟨hl⟩[a]	ç ⟨sh⟩	x[a]	h
	voiced	v	z			ɣ ⟨gh⟩
	prenasalized					ᵑ̊x ⟨nhx⟩[a]
Sonorant			r	l	j ⟨y⟩	w

1. Only occurring in Inner Mbugu

Ehret describes also a prenasalized palatal ⟨nj⟩, and transcribes ⟨č⟩, ⟨š⟩ in place of ⟨ch⟩, ⟨sh⟩, standing in Afrasianist phonetic notation for postalveolars /tʃ/, /ʃ/. He notes the consonant /v/ to occur only in the Bantu component of the vocabulary and assumes consonant clusters in stead of voiceless prenasalized consonants.^[6] The voiced stop series is described by Ehret as comprising three implosives /ɓ/, /ɗ/, /ʄ/), but an explosive /ɡ/ at the velar position.^[7]

Vowels

Both registers of Mbugu distinguish five vowels.

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Mid	e	o
Low	a

Tone

Three tones are distinguished in Mbugu: high, low, and falling. Low tone is default (unmarked). High tone is represented with an acute accent ⟨á⟩, while falling tone is represented with the sequence ⟨áa⟩.